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논문KCI 등재

기억성 경도인지장애 및 알츠하이머 치매 환자에서 해마, 편도체, 뇌들보, 내후각 피질과 혈중 지질, 호모시스테인, 엽산 농도와의 연관성

The Correlation of Levels of Serum Lipid, Homocysteine, and Folate with Volumes of Hippocampus, Amygdala, Corpus Callosum, and Thickness of Entorhinal Cortex in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia of Alzheimer’s Type

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초록

치매는 점진적인 인지기능저하와 독립적인 생활 기능의 소실을 유발하여 노인 사망률에 영향을 미치는 임상 증후군이다.1) 치매의 가장 흔한 원인으로 알려진 알츠하이머병은 뉴런과 시냅스의 점진적 소실, 신경원섬유매듭, 베타 아밀로이드판의 축적, 현저한 콜린성 결핍을 특징으로 하는 신경퇴행성질환2)으로 전 세계적인 고령화 추세로 알츠하이머병에 의한치매의 유병률이 급격히 증가하면서 보건의료뿐만 아니라 사회적인 측면에서도 심각한 문제로 부각되고 있다.3) 국내의경우 보건복지부가 시행한 2012년 치매 유병률 조사에 따르면 65세 이상 노인 인구의 9.18%가 치매 진단을 받았고, 이중 71.3%가 알츠하이머 치매에 해당하였으며 치매의 유병률은 매 20년마다 약 2배씩 증가할 것으로 추산되었다. 경도인지장애의 유병률은 27.82%로 65세 이상 노인의 1/4 이상이해당하였다.4) 증가하는 유병률과 이와 관련한 사회경제적 비용, 질병 이환이 가져오는 기능 손실과 삶의 질 저하, 증가하는 사망률 등은 치매의 진단과 평가를 위한 생체 표지자 및관련 위험요인 발견의 필요성을 더욱 강조하고 있다. 치매의 진단 기준이 확립된 이후, 치매로 정의하기에는 불충분한 인지기능장애를 두고 이러한 상태가 정상적 노화과정의 연장선인지, 점차 진행하는 신경정신질환의 초기단계인지 혹은 독립적인 증후군인지에 대해 여러 논란이 있어 왔다.5) Petersen 등6)7)은 일반적인 치매 증후군이나 특정질환으로 정의하기에 충분하지 않지만, 명확하게 객관적인 인지기능저하가 있는 상태를 일컬어 경도인지장애라고 명명하였고, 이를 위한 임상적 진단 기준으로 1) 기억력 저하 호소, 2) 나이에 따른 변화보다 심함, 3) 객관적인 검사에서 확인되는 인지기능의 저하, 4) 일상생활 기능의 보존, 5) 임상적으로 치매가아님을 제시하였다. 정상노인 대조군이 매년 1~2%의 비율로치매로 진행하는 데 비해 경도인지장애 환자는 매년 12%의비율로 치매로 진행한다는 결과를 보였다.8) 또한 이어진 연구에서 Petersen 등9)은 기억력 저하 유무 및 인지기능 손상영역 수에 따라 경도인지장애를 4가지 아형으로 분류하였는데 다영역 기억성 및 비기억성 경도인지장애는 알츠하이머치매, 루이소체 치매, 혈관성 치매와 연관성이 높으며 단일영역 비기억성 경도인지장애는 전두측두엽치매와 연관성이높고, 단일 영역 기억성 경도인지장애의 경우에는 알츠하이머 치매와 연관성이 높다는 아형에 따른 경과를 예측하였다. 기억성 경도인지장애 환자들을 대상으로 시행된 다른 여러종적 연구에서도 매년 알츠하이머 치매로의 진행률이 약10~20%로 나타났다.10-12) 여러 뇌 영상 연구에서 경도인지장애 환자가 보이는 뇌 구조의 변화가 알츠하이머 치매 초기 환자들이 보이는 양상과비슷하며 또한 정상 대조군 환자가 알츠하이머 치매로 전환되면서 보이는 변화양상과도 비슷한 것이 확인되었다.5) 또한fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography(FDGPET), pittsburgh compound B(이하 PiB)-PET, single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) 등의 기능적뇌 영상 연구에서도 경도인지장애 환자의 뇌 대사 및 관류변화가 알츠하이머 치매 환자와 비슷한 양상을 보였고, 정상 대조군보다 PiB 침착이 많았으며 침착의 정도가 심할수록 알츠하이머 치매로 전환되는 경우가 많다는 결과를 보였다.13) 이외에 경도인지장애 환자에서 나타나는 신경병리 소견, 유전학 및 생체 표지자 등도 알츠하이머 치매 환자와 유사성을보였다.5) 경도인지장애는 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, 4th edition, Text Revision(이하 DSMIV- TR) 부록에서 연구 기준으로 존재하는 진단이었으나DSM-5에서는 경도신경인지장애라는 개념으로 제시되었으며, 알츠하이머병으로 인한 경도신경인지장애가 세부 진단으로 제시되면서 그 의미가 강조되었다.13) 이러한 결과들은 기억성 경도인지장애와 알츠하이머 치매가 병인학적 연관성을 가지고 있다는 것을 의미하며 이는 곧기억성 경도인지장애가 알츠하이머 치매로 진행하는 알츠하이머병의 임상적 경과에 해당하는 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 단일 영역 기억성 경도인지장애와 알츠하이머 치매 환자를 대상으로 이들의 뇌 영상학적 특징과 알츠하이머병의 위험요인으로 거론되는 혈중 지질, 호모시스테인, 엽산 농도14-16) 와의 연관성에 대해 알아보고 그 의미를 찾고자 하였다.

Abstract

Objectives:In this study, the authors evaluated the correlation between levels of serum lipid, homocysteine, and folate with volumes of hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) or dementia of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Methods:The study recruited patients who visited the dementia clinic of Haundae Paik Hospital in Korea between March 2010 and June 2014. Among those, patients who had taken the neurocognitive test, brain magnetic resonance imaing, tests for serum lipid, homocysteine, folate, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotyping and diagnosed with aMCI or Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) were included for analysis. Bilateral hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala and corpus callosum were selected for region of interest (ROI). The cross-sectional relationships between serum lipid, homocysteine, folate and ROI were assessed by partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results:In patients with aMCI, old age (> 80) and APOE ε4 carrier were associated with AD [odds ration (OR) : 12.80 ; 95% confidence interval (CI) : 2.25-72.98 and OR 4.48 ; 95% CI : 1.58-12.67, respectively]. In patients with aMCI or AD, volumes and thickness of ROI were inversely correlated with levels of serum lipid and homocysteine. In multiple linear regression analyses, higher total cholesterol level was related to lower left, right hippocampus volume and left amygdala volume ; higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was related to lower right entorhinal cortex thickness ; higher homocysteine level was related to lower corpus callosum volume. Conclusions:Higher serum lipid and homocysteine levels are associated with decreased volume of hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum and entorhinal cortex thickness in patients with aMCI or AD. These findings suggest that serum lipid and homocysteine levels are associated with AD as a modifiable risk factor.

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