신경범죄학 : 뇌영상을 활용한 공격성 및 범죄 행동의 이해
Neurocriminology : A Review on Aggression and Criminal Behaviors Using Brain Imaging
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초록
범죄학(criminology)은 범죄의 발생과 원인, 그리고 그에 대한 대책을 연구하는 분야로서, 주로 사회학, 심리학, 법학 등을 이용하여 다양한 분야에서 접근 가능하며, 많은 부분에서 사회학적 모형으로 설명되고 있다. 하지만 신경과학의 발전으로 신경생물학적 요소가 개인의 행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 더 많은 것을 이해하게 되었으며, 1990년대 초 이래 사회신경과학(social neuroscience)의 발전으로1) 뇌가 개인의 행동을 관장한다는 것이 밝혀지면서, 그 성과를 바탕으로 신경범죄학(neurocriminology)이나 신경법학(neurolaw)과 같은분야가 새로이 출현하게 되었다.2)3) 신경범죄학은 신경생물학적 관점에서 범죄 행동을 이해하고, 예측하고, 궁극적으로는 범죄를 예방하고자 하는 학문이다.2)4) 이를 위해 범죄 행동과 직접적으로 연관이 있는 공격성(aggression) 또는 폭력성(violence) 및 반사회적 행동(antisocial behavior)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 실제로 여러 연구에서 유전적 요인5)이나 출생 전 부모의 니코틴6) 및 스트레스에의 노출,7) 영양부족,8) 또는 호르몬이나 신경전달물질의 개인차9)10) 등 여러 생물학적 요인들이 이후 공격적이거나 반사회적인 행동을 예측할 수 있다는 결과들이보고되고 있다. 또한 뇌영상 기술의 발전으로 뇌 전두엽(frontal lobe)이나 변연계(limbic system)의 기능저하가 반사회적이고 폭력적인 행동과 관련이 있다는 결과가 여러 연구를 통해 반복적으로 보고됨으로써,2) 신경범죄학, 신경법학 등의 수요가 높아지고 있는 추세이다. 실제로 미국에서는 1991년도에 처음으로 뇌영상 자료를 법정에 사용하기도 하였다. 당시 2급 살인으로 기소된 와인스타인(Herbert Weinstein)은 뇌자기공명영상(magnetic resonance imaging, 이하 MRI) 및 양전자단층촬영(positron emission tomography, 이하 PET)을 통해 전두엽 및 측두엽손상을 증명하여 과실치사로 인정되었다.11)12) 우리나라에서도 2015년 11월 뇌영상을 사용한 감정이 국내 최초로 진행되었다.a)13)14) 이와 같이 앞으로는 신경범죄학이 실제 법정에 활용될 기회가 많아질 것이며, 그 영향력이 점점 더 커질 것으로 기대되기 때문에, 타당성 있고 신뢰할 수 있는 신경범죄학 연구가요구될 것이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 신경범죄학 연구 중에서도 뇌영상을 이용하여 공격성 및 폭력성, 더 나아가 범죄 행동에 대한 이해를 돕는 연구 결과들을 살펴보고, 신경범죄학의 발전 방향에 대해 논의하고자 한다.
Abstract
Criminology has been understood within a sociological framework until the emergence of neurocriminology, which describes, understands and predicts criminal behaviors from a neurobiological point of view. Not only using biological factors including genes and hormones to understand criminal behaviors, but also using neuroimaging techniques, the field of neurocriminology aims to delve into both structural and functional differences in the brain of individuals with aggression, antisocial personalities, and even the criminals. Various studies have been conducted based on this idea, however, there still are limitations for the knowledge from these studies to be used in the court. In this review article, we provide an overview of the various research in neurocriminology, and provide insight into the future direction and implication of the field.
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