미국 형사법 실무에서의 뇌과학 증거 활용에 관한 고찰
Analysis on Neurological Evidence and Criminal Law in United States
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초록
미국의 형사법 실무에서는 뇌과학은 상당한 영향력을 행사하고 있다. 수백건의 형사사건이 뇌생물학적 주장에 영향을 받았으며 빈번하게 뇌과학 증거가 제출되고 법정에서 인용되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 뇌영상기술의 발달과 뇌과학증거의 다양한 유형들을살펴보고, 법정 증거로서의 수용가능성, 증거능력 및 위험요소들을 검토하였다.(II) ‘맥아더법과 뇌과학 프로젝트’에서 이루어진 Nita Farahany 교수의 조사연구결과를 소개하여 캘리포니아 주 공판 법정에서 얼마나 자주 뇌영상의 증거가 소개되는지와 법정에서의 뇌영상 증거에 대한 유형, 방어내용, 인용율 등을 살펴보았다.(III) 실제로 피고인들이 법정에서뇌과학 증거 활용을 하는 분야들에 대해서 살펴보고 기능적 의미와 성공적 결과를 가져오는지 여부에 대해서도 설명하였다.(IV) 마지막으로 향후 우리나라에서도 뇌과학 증거가 수용되고 양형감경요소 내지 유무죄 사실인정의 근거, 또는 재범예측인자로 활용되기 위해서어떠한 준비과정 내지 대응방안이 있어야 할 것인가에 대한 시사점을 얻을 수 있도록 고찰하였다.
Abstract
Neuroscience research holds promise for improving our understanding of human behavior, motivation, intention, and action. Advances in neuroscience over recent decades led to development of treatments for certain debilitating neurological disorders. Neuroscience has become an integral part of the criminal justice system in the United States. During the past decade, hundreds of criminal cases have been influenced by neurobiological claims. The use of neurological evidence in the criminal courtroom is on the rise. According to a recent study, over 1500 judicial opinions issued during 2005. 2012 discuss the use of neuroscience by criminal defendants. Many of these cases include expert evidence about past head or brain trauma, neuropsychological testing, and neuroimaging studies conducted. Neuroscience evidence has been introduced and employed at various stages. Defendants have argued that they should be held less accountable for their actions or punished less severely because of alleged neurological impairments. Prosecutors have seized upon the double-edged potential of such evidence to indict defendants’ characters or underscore future dangerousness. Many courts in United States have admitted neuroimaging evidence, and more will follow as the science underlying neuroimaging becomes more generally accepted. Maybe neuroscience evidence will be accepted before long in Korea. When a judge has to decide whether to admit neuroscience evidence, the rules of evidence provide clear guidelines regarding when and for what purpose such evidence can be introduced in Korea.
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