공격성과 신경전달물질
Aggression and Neurotransmitters
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공격성(aggression)이란 상대방에게 위해를 가하기 위한의도를 가지고 외현적 행동을 하려는 성향을 말한다.1) 한편공격행동(aggressive behavior)이란 이러한 공격성에 의해 발현된 언어적·신체적으로 폭력적인 행위를 일컫는다. 공격행동은 단순 사고가 아닌 목적지향적인 행위이며,2) 상해를 입히거나 타인의 재산을 가로채는 등 다양한 행동들이 포함된다.3) 진화심리학의 관점에서 보면, 공격성은 자연선택에서 살아남기 위해 체득되고 유전되는 것이다. 공격행동은 자원을 획득하고 지키는 방법, 스스로를 방어하는 방법, 사회적 지위를확보하기 위한 방법 등으로 사용되어 왔다. 이 과정에서 공격성이 살아남는 데에 유리했기 때문에 이러한 구조가 자손들에게 이어져 온 것으로 본다.4) 공격성 및 공격행동이 진화심리학적으로 일부 적응적인행동이라고 할지라도 극단적일 경우에는 자신과 타인에게 해를 끼칠 수 있기 때문에 중요한 연구문제로 여겨져 왔다. 특히 공격성은 양극성장애나 정신분열증, 기타 인격장애의 중요한 임상적 특징 중 하나이며, 이에 따라 공격성이나 공격행동 감소 등의 증상 개선을 위한 치료약 개발을 위해 공격성의 신경생물학적인 기전과 관련된 연구가 활발하게 진행되고있다. 그러나 현재까지 진행되고 있는 공격성과 신경전달물질, 관련 수용체 등의 관련성에 대한 연구들은 각각 한 가지의 물질이나 수용체가 공격행동에 영향을 줄 것이라는 관점에 초점을 맞춘 연구들이 많다는 한계점을 지닌다.5) 따라서 본 논문은 문헌고찰을 통해 공격성 혹은 공격행동과 관련하여 공통적으로 연구되어 온 신경전달물질인 세로토닌, 감마아미노뷰티르산, 도파민, 노르아드레날린, 글루타메이트, 옥시토신과 신경전달물질로서도 작용하는 호르몬(바소프레신) 및 효소(모노아민 산화효소)를 종합적으로 소개함으로써 공격성과 관련된 신경전달물질에 대하여 보다종합적인 이해를 도모하고자 한다.
Abstract
Aggression and aggressive behaviors, often explained as harmful social interaction with the intention of hurting or inflicting damage upon another, have been considered as an adaptive mechanism from the evolutionary psychological point of view. However, various studies on aggression and aggressive behaviors have been done with psychopathological approach as the extreme aggressive behaviors may harm themselves and others at the same time. Recently, researchers have attempted to explain aggression in terms of neurobiological substrates rather than based on traditional psychopathological and/or behavioral concept. In this regard, there have been findings of differences in neurotransmitters and their receptors, and genetic polymorphisms. In this review article, we provide a brief overview of the literature about seven most frequently reported neurotransmitters including neurohormones (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, nitric oxide, oxytocin and vasopressin) and an associated enzyme (monoamine oxidase A), which are known to be related with aggression and aggressive behaviors.
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