영국 평화 개념 논의의 궤적
Tracing the “Peace discourses” in Britain: A Short Historical Sketch
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본고는 영국에서 평화논의를 통시적(通時的)으로 그 기원에서부터 2차 세계대전까지 고찰하고, 그 흐름을 전체로서 조망한 것이다. 영국은 초기에 브리튼 섬에 정착한 다양한 민족들이 서로 전쟁을 통해 자신의 세력을 확장해 나갔고, 국가성립과정에서 기독교를 수용하면서 국가의 정체성을 형성했다. 이는 영국 평화논의에서 중요한 바탕이 되었고 영국 역사에서 평화주의를 계속적으로 주장한 이들은 퀘이커와 합리적인 기독교인들이었다. 또한 17세기부터는 강력한 해상력을 바탕으로 해외로 확장하면서 세계의 질서의 패권을 가진 팍스 브리타니카(Pax Britanica)로 성장했다. 영국은 제국을 확장하는 과정에서 혹은 제국의 일부에서 이루어지는 전쟁에 대해서는 정의를 위한 혹은 질서를 위한 것이라는 논리를 내세웠고, 제국을 정당화 하는 과정에서 계속적인 전쟁을 경험하게 된다. 영국에서 전쟁과 평화의 논의는 끝이 보이지 않는 전쟁 속에서 평화 운동과 평화 개념이 발전했고, 전쟁이 평화를 위한 도구가 될 수 있고 평화를 위해서는 전쟁을 정당화 하는 역설 속에서 탄생했다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 영국의 평화논의는 기독교적인 배경에서 전쟁과 평화를 동전의 양면처럼 동일선상에서 논의하는 것이 특징이고, 다른 유럽 강대국들과의 관계 속에서 파악하는 유럽중심(Euro-centric)주의에 매몰되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 영국의 평화논의에서 제3세계는 정복의 대상이거나 계도 혹은 제국의 일부라는 오리엔탈리즘적인 제한된 사고에 머물렀고, 전(全)인류보편의 평화논의에는 한계를 가졌다.
Abstract
This paper investigates the development of the peace discourses in Britain from its origin to the WWII in 1900s. In Britain, diverse ethnic groups expanded their spheres of influence through wars, and the state identity of Britain was gradually formed as Christianity was introduced into the land. The introduction of Christianity was a decisive factor in the peace discourses, as evinced by the fact that it was the Quakers and rational Christians who continually argued for pacificism in Britain. Moreover, as Britain pursued its imperialistic aspirations from 17th century onwards through its naval power, the age of Pax Britanica came. As Britain expanded its empire around the world, it put forth a rationale that war is a necessary evil to keep justice and order, and successive wars were justified upon this rationale. Thus, the peace discourses and movements in Britain developed during the endless outbreaks of wars, and wars became perceived as tools to promote peace: in this way, ironically war was justified for peace. As such, the peace discourses in Britain dominantly had two sides: the Christian discourses on pacificism and just war discussions. Also, the British peace discourses were Euro-centric, mainly developed under its relations vis-a-vis other European nations. Therefore, the British peace discourses had limitations to become a world-wide peace discourse in that they perceived the third world countries as people to be conquered or enlightened, rather than embraced them as equal partners to promote peace.
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