“문체반정”과 동아시아 한문학

Abstract

Munche Banjeong refers to an incident in which King Jeongjo intervened in the writing of his subjects and suppressed thoughts or writings of something other than Neo-Confucianism. Since the government tried to suppress ideology and literature with the state power, the Munche Banjeong deserves criticism, but continuous discussion points out its inevitability. In certain point of view suggests that it was a political action to protect the Namin(南人) group and to restrain Noron(老論) group. Meanwhile other article shows that it was intended brake upon thoughts and literature of the Gyeonghwa family which lost its ability to respond to reality, and to suggest a standard for dispute occured in the ideology field which tend to stretch to accepting Yangmyeonghak. In order to broadly understand the nature and meaning of the Munche Banjeong, it is necessary to expand the perspective to East Asia. First of all, in Qing Dynasty there was ‘Munjaok(文字獄, wenziyu, Literary Inquisition)’. Munjaok sought for any bit for subject of the persecution, and it became more harsh and more frequent during the Qing Dynasty. Behind lies a serious ethnic problem between the Manchurian and Han Chinese, but on the other hand, there was attempt to reform Confucianism, which became as a tool for success or losing cohesiveness on Zhu Xi, under the flow of history of ideology. In particular, the appearance of Emperor Kang Hee(康熙帝), who claimed to be a ‘teacher as a king’, can be seen as similar in many ways to King Jeongjo. In the case of Japan, the ‘Prohibition on Different Studies’ in Kansei era draws attention. Matsudaira Sadanobu(松平定信) of Edo Shogunate proclaimed the edict, ordering the shogunate’s school to ban any education related to ‘different studies’ and teach only the ‘orthodox study’ of Zhu Xi. This was a part of the ‘Kansei Reformation’ by Matsudaira, but the force behind this was a flow of history of ideology restraining the School of the Classical Writiing(古文辭學派) and emphasize Neo-Confucianism again. These three events can be analyzed as correlated events among East Asia, and thus the different aspect of how the history of ideology moved beneath each event must be examined. There was request of the era that the Confucianism should be fundamentally reconstructed as the arise of Western studies or Yangming studies raised problems. The events such as Munche Banjeong was response of the state to the request, before the results of ideological or literary response come out, in rather artificial and oppressive manner as the request meant a crisis of existence.