장재(張載)와 이정(二程)의 학술동이: 「洛陽議論」의 ‘窮理盡性以至於命’을 중심으로

Abstract

Northern Song Dynamic was the founding period of Neo-Confucianism, and various philosophical discussions were held around Zhang-Zai, Sima-Guang, Cheng-Hao, Cheng-Yi, and Shao-Yong, which can be called the Northern Song School District. Zhang-Zai and the Cheng brothers interacted closely and discussed various topics. 『Two Cheng's posthumous note(二程遺書)』 volume10's 「Luo Yang's Comments(洛陽議論)」 is one of the most meaningful records remaining in the literature along with 『Ding-Xing-Shu(定性書)』 and 『Reply to Mr. Hengqu』 among the academic exchanges between them. Among the various topics discussed in 「Luo Yang's Comments」 the discussion on “Investigating the Li(理) and fulfill one’s Nature(盡性), reach the mandate of heaven(窮理盡性至於命)" of 『Zhou-yi(周易)』 contains the most philosophical content, and shows the position of thinking-in-its-self-life between Zhang-Zai and Cheng-Hao, Cheng-Yi. In Two Cheng's philosophical system, the "li(理)" of all things is same“li(理)”, and is contentally identical to the "thing-in-itself" categories such as “Dao”, the “mandate of heaven” and “human nature”. The proposition of “Human Nature is Principle(性卽理)” reflects this view of Two Cheng's. From this point of view, an “Investigating the Li(理)”=“Exploitative Innate Nature”=“reach the mandate of heaven” can be established. However, in the Zhang-Zai’s Philosophy System, it means the reason of things, the inherent attributes of individual objects, and the unique order that exists during the ‘functional activity of qi(氣化)’ process. Therefore, the characteristics of individual objects in the functional activity of qi process can be learned only through research on individual objects. Therefore, that “the mandate of heaven(命)” can be reached only through research on the ‘Li’ of things and people, and furthermore, through the process of fulfilling the nature of things and people.