체코와 슬로바키아의 과거청산 비교 연구 - ‘정화(lustrace)’의 새로운 해석을 중심으로 -
Dealing with the past in Czech and Slovakia - focusing on the re-interpretation of 'lustration' -
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탈공산주의 동유럽 국가들은 거의 모든 국가에서 과거청산을 위한 여러 가지 방안을 추진하고 있다. 대체로 과거청산의 방법은 인권침해에 대한 사법적인 절차를 밟거나, 잘못된 과거의 역사적 사실을 구축하려는 진실 위원회, 희생자들에 대한 보상 그리고 인적인 검증작업 등으로 구분된다. 이중에서 체코의 경우는 사법적인 절차, 진실 위원회, 보상, 검증작업을 전반적으로 추진하고 있다. 체코는 특히 검증작업을 통한 인적인 청산에 중점을 두고 있는데, 이는 인적 청산이 과거와의 단절에서 핵심적인 측면이라는 기본적인 전제 때문이다. 슬로바키아의 경우는 진실 찾기에 더 많은 관심을 보이고 있다. 1998년부터 일정부분 논의가 시작되어 2002년 시작된 과거청산의 작업은 이미 민주화 20년이 지난 시점에서 인적 청산에 대한 기반이 부족했을 뿐만 아니라 과거청산이 이미 정치적인 게임의 일종으로 여겨진 상황에서 본격적인 사법적인 절차, 보상, 검증을 추진하기에는 너무나 오랜 시간이 지났기 때문이다. 더군다나 슬로바키아의 경우는 일반인들이 과거 체코-슬로바키아 단일 국가 시기부터 공산당에 대해 체코인들 보다 우호적인 입장을 견지하고 있었다. 슬로바키아인들의 입장에서 볼 때 공산정권 시기에 슬로바키아가 체코보다 더 많은 혜택을 받았고 또 덜 탄압을 당했기 때문에 공산당에 대해 그리 큰 적대의식을 가지고 있지 않다. 이런 측면에서 체코와 슬로바키아의 경우 ‘정화’는 각기 다른 의미로 사용되고 또 적용되고 있다고 할 수 있다. 체코에서의 정화가 인적 청산에 집중되어 있는 반면 슬로바키아에서의 정화는 의도적인 인적 청산이 아니라 과거에 대한 기억과 그에 대한 정보 공개를 기반으로 하는 일종의 자발적인 청산으로 인식될 수 있다. 결국 동유럽 각국에서 시행하는 과거청산은 기존 논의에서 주장하고 있듯이, 공산정권의 성격이나 이행의 양식 그리고 ‘현재의 정치’뿐만 아니라 각국의 특정한 정치문화에 대한 측면도 충분히 고려해야 할 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
Most of the post-communist Eastern European countries have been carrying out various projects to deal with the past. Measures to deal with the past are classified into judicial proceedings on the infringements of human rights which were done by communist regimes, truth-findings, reparations to the victims and personal vettings on his or her past behaviours. Although Czech and Slovakia had experienced common communist pasts from 1948 until 1989, they have been responding to the communist past quite differently. In 1991, when the Czech and Slovakia was single state as Czech and Sloavak Federal Republic, the federal parliament passed "Lustration law" to deal with the communist pasts. The aim of lustration law which was to vet high position officials whether they were agents or collaborators with communist secret police is to exclude some dubious high-positioned officials from their present and in the next some years positions. After the break-up of a common state in 1993, Czech republic have been pursuing the lustration law vigorously, but Slovakia has little interest in dealing with the past and did not enforce the lustration law until it's expiring in 1996. It was not until V. Mečiar was defeated in 1998 election that the dealing with past was started to be shown interest in public and political circles. The dealing with the past has been enforced in Slovakia until the Nation’s Memory Act which is on the disclosure of documents regarding the activity of state security authorities in the period 1939-1989 and on founding the Nation’s Memory Institute (Ústav pamäti národa) and on amending certain acts (553/2002 zákon) was passed in the The National Council. But in this case the Nation’s Memory Act is not alike in character with the lustration law in the Czech Republic. In fact the Nation’s Memory Act in Slovakia is not necessarily classified as lustration law which has been enforced in other post-communist countries. If so, why the Czech Republic and the Slovakia have been responding to the dealing with the past so differently is the question in this article. Although there are some factors why the Slovakia has pursued different measures to the past, I stress the two factors which have strong effects on the dealing with the past in Slovakia. Those are political games in Slovakia and different level of legitimacy on the communist regime between the Czechs and Slovaks. After all, the character of communist regimes and the mode of transition from communist regime to democratic one are important factors to analyze the causes and effects of lustration, but the specific political culture is essential to understand the dealing with the past and lustration in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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