합스부르크 제국의 영향과 체코-슬로바키아의 문화적 자기 이해 - 체코슬로바키즘의 실제와 허상을 중심으로-
Habsburg and cultural self-understanding of Czechs and Slovaks: focus on the Czechoslovakism
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본 연구는 민족주의가 ‘학문적 이해’의 단계에서 대중들의 자기 이해의 과정으로 전환되고 표출되는 양상을 논의하려는 목적을 지니고 있다. 즉, 학문적 이해의 단계에서 민족적 선동과 대중운동으로 전환된 원인과 과정을 파악함으로써 체코인과 슬로바키아인들의 자기 이해가 형성되고 표출되는 양상을 분석하려는 것이다. 또한 본 연구에서는 체코슬로바키즘(Czechoslovakism)이라고 하는 단일민족 사상이 생겨나게 된 배경과 그러한 단일민족 사상이 실패한 원인을 두 민족의 자기 이해의 측면에서 살펴본다. 이런 두 가지 측면은 결국 합스부르크라는 거대한 제국 내에서의 자기 이해와 국가독립 이후의 자기 이해의 과정을 분석함으로써 체코와 슬로바키아가 현재 두 개의 독립국가로 분리된 원인을 찾으려는 시도이기도 하다. 결론에서는 체코슬로바키즘이 1차대전 이후 국가 건국에 필요했던 이데올로기이자 전략적 선택이었다고 주장하며 두 민족 간 상이한 민족의식과 자기 이해로 인해 이러한 단일민족 사상이 실패했음을 밝힌다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to discuss the transitional processes and aspects of national self-understanding among czechs and slovaks from 19th to early 20th century. In other words, examining the causes of transition from the national agitations and national movements to popular movements, this paper is to discuss the process and aspects of establishment of the self-understanding of czechs and slovaks. In addition in this paper the background of formation of Czechoslovakism and the causes of unsuccessful consequence are discussed by means of self-understandings of two nations. Czechoslovakism is a term for the political and cultural conception of a unified Czechoslovak nation. The then President of Czechoslovakia T. G. Masaryk made this term as for the state-forming ideology and took it for warrant of national majority over Germans in newly established state. But not all Czechoslovsks agreed with this conception. Especially slovak national leaders didn't accept it. They insisted Czech and Slovak are not same nation and Slovak is a independent nation as Czech. The ideology of a unified nation was renounced after 1960 Constitution and federalization in 1969 and finally break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993. In this paper I suggest the different national identity and self-understanding of two nations are the causes of the failure of a unified national ideology. And the different identity and self-understanding of czechs and slovaks were originated from the period of national awakening under the Habsburg empire. From that time two nations have been developing their national identity and self-understanding differently. Since the ideology of Czechoslovakism was just invented to rationalize establishment of Czechoslovak state after the First World War, it was to be failed after two nations had realized it was not their real national aspiration.
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