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미국 재계의 풀뿌리 정치동원: 1970년대와 1980년대를 중심으로

US business's grassroots lobbying in the 1970s and 1980s

기여운
한국아메리카학회 (The American Studies Association Of Korea)|2024.12|미국학 논집 (Journal of American Studies)|제56권 제3호|pp. 5-32|DOI 10.22505/jas.2024.56.3.01

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참고문헌

키워드

1980년대1980s1970년대1970sAmerican conservatism미국 보수주의경영자 정치 전략풀뿌리 로비노동자 동원business political strategygrassroots lobbyingemployee mobilization
주제분류영어와문학

초록

재계는 자신의 경제적, 사회적 자원을 어떻게 정치적 영향력으로 전환시키는가? 본 논문은 1970년대 부터 1980년대 초까지 미국 재계의 정치적 활동을 이끌었던 세 단체–비즈니스 라운드테이블, 미상공회의소, 전미제조업자협회–의 풀뿌리 로비를 살펴봄으로써 재계의 정치적 전략과 그 특징에 대해 분석한다. 이들 단체의 내부 문서와 발간물 등을 분석한 결과, 이들은 재계의 구성원뿐 아니라 일반 대중을 동원하여 정책 결정 과정에 영향을 끼치고자 한 것으로 나타났다. 일부 단체는 회사의 직원을 상대로 정치 동원 활동을 벌이기도 하였다. 본 연구는 재계의 풀뿌리 동원에 대한 이해를 높이며, 그 중에서도 노동자 동원은 자본가의 구조적인 힘의 우위를 활용한다는 점에서, 다른 집단의 풀뿌리 로비와는 구분이 된다는 점을 지적한다. 또한, 본 연구는 1970년대 미국 보수주의 성장의 중요한 한 동력인 재계의 정치적 활동에 대해 새로운 시각을 제시한다. 기존의 연구들은 재계의 반노동 활동에 초점을 맞추었으나, 본 논문은 일부 경영자들이 회사의 직원들을 적극적인 동원의 대상으로 삼았음을 드러낸다.

Abstract

How does business convert its economic and social resources into political influence? This paper analyzes business’s political strategies by examining the grassroots lobbying of three organizations that led the political activities of the U.S. business community from the 1970s to the early 1980s –the Business Roundtable, the United States Chamber of Commerce, and the National Association of Manufacturers. This paper shows that they sought to influence the policy-making process by mobilizing not only their members but also the general public. Some organizations even tried to mobilize company employees. This study emphasizes that employers' mobilization of workers is distinct from the grassroots lobbying of other groups in that it takes advantage of the capitalists' structural power. Also, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of business in the rise of American conservatism in the 1970s. While studies have stressed business’s anti-labor activities, this paper demonstrates that some employers targeted their employees for political mobilization.

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