지리적 표시 보호를 위한 프랑스의 역할
Protection of Geographical Indications and the French role
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1994년도에 체결된 무역관련 지식재산권에 관한 협정(TRIPs)안에 지리적 표시가 포함되면서 지구화 시대에 특정 장소를 기반으로 하는 지역 상품이 세계 무역 시장 안에서 효과적으로 보호받을 수 있게 되었다. 지리적 표시제 도입 초기에는 세계 무역시장을 방해하는 보호주의라는 비난을 면치 못하기도 했지만 우리나라를 포함하여 점점 많은 나라가 지리적 표시제를 적극적으로 활용할 방안을 모색하고 있다. 이를 위해 일찍이 지리적 표시제를 도입한 프랑스의 사례 연구는 시사하는 바가 크다. 프랑스는 1883년도에 체결된 파리협약에서부터 TRIPs 그리고 2015년도에 채택된 제네바법까지 지리적 표시 보호에 관한 국제레짐 형성과정에서 선도적인 역할을 담당한 바 있다. 1935년에는 지리적 표시제 구축에 직접적인 영향을 미친 원산지통제명칭(Appellation d’Origine Controlée: AOC) 제도를 도입했고 같은 해에 이를 관리하는 농림부 산하 국립원산지명칭기구(Institut National des Appellations d'Origine: INAO)를 설립하였다. 본 논문은 프랑스의 AOC 제도의 핵심 개념인 떼루아(terroir)를 통해서 지리적 표시제란 단순히 특정 장소와 품질과의 연계에 기반한 것이 아니라 그 장소의 문화적인 특징과 결합될 때 지리적 표시제의 효과가 극대화될 수 있음을 고찰하였다. 즉 떼루아란 단순히 지명이 아니라 그 지역에 집적된 문화적 특성을 포괄하는 개념이라는 점에 주목하였다. 지리적 표시 보호의 도입 효과가 단지 표시대상 상품에 한정된 경제적 효과를 넘어 무형적 자산으로서의 문화적인 파급력을 갖는 것임을 고찰하였다.
Abstract
With the inclusion of geographical indications in the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, products associated with specific regions became effectively protected in the global trade market. When the GI system was first introduced, it was met with criticism that it was a trade protectionism hindering global trade, however, more and more countries, including Korea, are actively seeking ways to utilize the GI system to advantage. France’s GI strategy can be helpful in understanding the positive effects that can be gained through GIs. France has played an important role in the international debate on the GI system, from the Paris Convention to the TRIPS and the Geneva Act. This paper examines how the GI system could be more effective in cultural aspects than bringing economic effects such as minimizing economic losses or securing high prices. In particular, this paper reveals that the effectiveness of the GI system is most enhanced when geographical labeling is not simply based on a product’s association with a specific locale and quality, but when it is combined with the cultural characteristics of the locale through the concept of terroir, an important concept in the French AOC system.
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