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학령기 아동의 실행기능이 마음이론에 미치는 영향

Effects of Elementary School Students’ Executive Function on the Theory of Mind

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초록

연구목적: 본 연구는 초등학교 1~2학년 아동과 3~4학년 아동을 대상으로 마음이론과 실행기능이 학년에 따라 차이를 보이는지 살펴보고, 언어능력을 통제한 후 과제와 척도로 측정한 실행기능이 마음이론에 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 연구방법: 초등학교 1~2학년 아동 35명과 3~4학년 아동 30명이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 아동은 마음이론, 실행기능 및 언어 능력을 평가하기 위한 과제를 연구자와 함께 수행하였고, 어머니는 자녀의 마음이론과 실행기능 척도가 포함된 질문지에 응답하였다. 분석에는 독립표본 t검정, 상관관계 분석 및 위계적 회귀분석이 사용되었다. 연구결과: 주요 결과를 요약하면, 초등학교 3~4학년 아동이 1~2학년 아동보다 마음이론과 실행기능 과제를 더 잘 수행하였다. 다음으로 마음이론과 실행기능 각각에서 과제를 사용한 측정과 어머니 보고를 통한 측정 간 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 마지막으로, 언어능력을 통제한 후 실행기능이 마음이론에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 1~2학년 아동의 경우 과제를 통해 측정한 경우와 어머니 보고를 통해 측정한 경우 모두에서 실행기능이 마음이론에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 3~4학년 아동의 경우 어머니 보고를 통해 측정한 실행기능이 마음이론에 미치는 영향만 유의하였다. 결론: 학령기에도 실행기능이 마음이론에 영향을 미치지만 1~2학년 아동과 비교하였을 때 3~4학년 아동의 경우에는 그 영향이 다소 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 학령기 마음이론을 증진하기 위해서는 연령에 따라 다른 접근법이 필요함을 제안하였다.

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to identify developmental differences in the theory of mind (ToM) and executive function (EF) performances between 1st~2nd and 3rd~4th grade students, and to examine the effects of EF on ToM. Methods: A total of 35 1st~2nd grade students and 30 3rd~4th grade students participated in this study. A battery of ToM and EF tasks, as well as verbal ability tasks, were administered for each student. Mothers were requested to complete a questionnaire inquiring about children’s ToM and EF. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, correlations, and hierarchical regressions. Results: First, the 3rd~4th grade students outperformed the 1st~2nd grade students on both ToM and EF tasks. Second, the correlations between performance-based measures and maternal ratings of ToM and EF were not significant. Finally, after controlling for the effects of verbal ability, 1st~2nd grade students’ EF performances were found to significantly influence their ToM performances. On the other hand, 3rd~4th grade students’ EF performances did not have a significant effect on their ToM performances. However, in terms of the rating measure, the association between ToM and EF was significant for both 1st~2nd and 3rd~4th grade students. Conclusions: The findings suggest that EF influences ToM; however, this association weakens across the elementary school years. Therefore, to promote ToM in middle childhood, a different approach based on grades is required.

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