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마음이론, 인지적 실행기능, 정서적 실행기능이 유아의 사회적 행동에 미치는 영향

The effects of theory of mind and cool and hot executive function on young children's social behaviors

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초록

본 연구에서는 마음이론, 인지적 실행기능, 정서적 실행기능의 발달이 유아의 친사회적 행동과 공격적 행동에 어떤 영향을 주는지에 대해 종합적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 일대일 면담을 통해만 3세에서 6세 유아 112명의 마음이론 능력을 측정하고, 더불어 인지적 억제, 인지적 유연성, 작업기 억을 비롯한 인지적 실행기능, 그리고 정서적 실행기능인 만족지연 능력을 측정하였다. 또한 각 유아의 친사회성, 외현적 공격성, 관계적 공격성을 교사 평정으로 측정하였다. 유아의 성별에 의한 효과를 통제하면서 마음이론과 실행기능의 각 영역이 친사회성과 외현적 공격성에 미치는 영향을 회귀분석을 통해 살펴본 결과, 유아의 마음이론에 대한 이해는 친사회성의 증가를 유의하게 예측하였으며, 만족지연 점수가 낮을수록 외현적 공격성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 만족지연 점수가 낮은 유아들은 마음이론이나 실행기능의 다른 영역에 의한 효과를 고려한 후에도 관계적 공격성이 높은 것으로 나타났 다. 이는 타인의 생각과 감정에 대해 알고, 사회적 상황을 이해하기 위해 필요한 마음이론이 친사회적 행동의 증진에 중요한 영향을 미치며, 인지적 실행기능보다는 정서나 감정 조절과 좀 더 밀접한 관련이 있을 수 있는 정서적 실행기능이 유아의 공격성에 직접적인 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract

The current study aimed to examine how the development of theory of mind and executive function (EF) in young children affects their prosocial and aggressive behaviors. The study sample was 112 three- to six-year-old children. The data on their cool EF (i.e., inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory) and hot EF (i.e., delay of gratification) and theory of mind understanding was collected through one-on-one meetings between a researcher and a child. Children's prosocial behaviors and overt and relational aggressions were rated by their teachers. Regression analyses with children's theory of mind and cool and hot EF as independent variables and prosocial and aggressive behaviors as a dependent variable respectively were conducted, while controlling for children’s gender. The results showed that advanced understanding of theory of mind predicted an increase in prosocial behaviors, and lower levels of delay of gratification predicted an increase in overt aggression respectively even when controlling for the effect of gender. Also, lower levels of delay of gratification predicted an increase in relational aggression even after considering effects of theory of mind and other aspects of EF. These results imply that 1) children's ability to understand others' thoughts and emotions and social situations might contribute to an increase in prosocial behavior; and that 2) children's hot EF, which is closely related to emotional or affective regulation, rather than cool EF, might have a direct impact on their aggressive behaviors.

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