조선후기 실학자의 군제 개혁론에 대한 연구

Abstract

Once the general framework was established in Gyongguk-Daejon(經國大典),the military system of Choson demonstrated partial changes to historical circumstances, before experiencing whole-scale change over the wartimes such as Imjin War and the First and Second Manchu Invasions(Jeongmyo Horan and Byeongja Horan). The new milistary system, set based on Kihyoshinse (紀效新書) introduced during Imjin War, involved military changes at large including organization of militia, battle formation, weapons, and the target of military service. The Office of Military Instruction(Hunryondogam, 訓鍊都監)for the central region and the Soko Army were built during the reign of King Seonjo, which later expanded to five central armies as additions made over the eras of King Injo and King Sukjong for political and military reasons. The introduction of new military system and establishment of armies intensified financial burden for the country and the defects of military service system, while failing to serve the function in two wars with Qing Dynasty. On the other hand, yangbans began to abrogate from military responsibilities that were made duty for the serving classes and added to the suffering of actual carriers of the service. This continued to reach the worst by the period ruled by King Hyojong and King Hyeonjong, and thus the idea of universal obligations(良役變通論) was raised as a means to reorganize military system. Also, with peacetime that lasted for nearly 2 centuries(18th century-19th century), military training or remote duty post(bunsang, 番上) at the central army were frequently halted due to natural disasters, and the service became subject to taxation. The Silhak scholars in the late Choson suggested the ideas of military system reform to relieve financial burden by eliminating such defects and to ease the livelihood of obliging people while improving national defense. Ideas regarded wide range of aspects, from the universal conscription(良人皆兵) and farmers-militia system(兵農一致) for the basic issues in the system and operation, as well as armaments for fortress and arsenal buildups, to the localized civil defense system such as city wall and frontier defense. Silhak scholars developed various reform ideas social-wide, especially the reform suggestions in military relations were made in terms of land system,central control system, and rural community. Their proposals for the military system reform were to eliminate defects of the system in the late Choson and to ease the livelihood of obliging people while improving national defense.