로마의 사회적, 법적 배경에서 바라본 갈라디아서 5:13의 자유와 예속
The Freedom and the Enslavement in Galatians 5:13 in Light of the Roman Social and Legal Context
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본 논문은 갈라디아서 5:13에서 ‘자유를 위하여 부르심을 받았지만 서로 종노릇을 하라’는 바울의 언급을 고려한다. 이러한 바울의 권면은 여러 해석자들에 의하여 역설(paradox)로 인식이 되었다. 먼저 본 논문은 이와 관련하여 고대의 노예 해방 이후의 자유의 성격과 해방된 자의 삶의 양상(modus liberti)에 대하여 논한다. 노예로부터 해방된 자는 노예로서 해방된 자로서 일정한 의무(operae libertorum)를 지닌다. 특히 노예 해방 이후에 해방시켜준 주인(후견인)과 그의 가족들에게, 충성과 감사와 봉사의 의무(obsequium)를 지닌다. 이러한 감사와 봉사의 의무는 당대 사회에서 중요한 것으로 인식되었다. 그리고 해방시켜준 노예 주인도 해방된 자와 상호적이고 지속적인 관계를 가지는 것이 중요했다. 이렇듯, 고대의 노예 해방 이후의 자유는 무조건적 자율성 혹은 자기의사결정권을 의미하기 보다는, 새로운 후견인(노예 주인)과 그의 가족과의 관계와 의무 안에서의 자유였다. 이렇듯 고대의 자유의 개념은 일방적인 개념이 아니라 상호적이고 관계적인 개념이었다. 노예로부터 해방된 자가 노예 주인과 그 가족들에게 감사와 봉사의 의무를 지녔듯이, 갈라디아서에서 자유케 된 그리스도인들은 서로를 봉사하고 섬길 의무를 지닌다. 본 논문은 이러한 고대 노예 해방의 배경이 갈라디아서 5:13의 역설을 이해하는데 도움을 준다고 제안을 한다.
Abstract
In this study, we consider Paul’s paradox between the freedom and the enslavement in Galatians 5:13. First of all, this work explores the mode of the freedmen’s lives (modus liberti) after their manumission in Roman society. The freemen should have carried out their daily duties (operae libertorum). In particular, it was required for them to express their gratitude (obsequium) towards their patrons and their families, and they were also obliged to perform services for them in certain manners. These obligations of gratitude, allegiance and service were regarded as significant responsibilities after manumission. It was also of importance for the freedmen to have a constant and reciprocal relationship with their patrons. Accordingly, the freedom after manumission was not considered as a sort of autonomy, but was the liberty under certain mandates and relationships. From this perspective, the freedom in ancient Mediterranean society was not a unilateral, but relational and mutual notion. Thus, as the freedmen should serve their patrons and families, the believers at the Galatian church also possess the accountability to be devoted to their fellow community members. Therefore, in this study, we suggest that the ancient manumission background helps the reader to understand the paradox in Galatians 5:13.
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