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요한복음 19:34에 기록된 예수의 옆구리에서 흘러나온 물의 의미에 대한 재고

Rethinking the Meaning of the Water Flowing from Jesus’ side in John 19:34

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한국복음주의신약학회 (Korean Evangelical Society of New Testament Studies)|2020.06|신약연구 (Korean Evangelical New Testament Sudies)|제19권 제2호|pp. 314-352|DOI 10.24229/kents.2020.19.2.002

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참고문헌

키워드

물water역사성historicity요한복음 19:34문자/상징가현설John 19:34literal/symbolicdocetism

초록

본 연구를 통해 필자는 요한복음 19:34에 등장하는 물이 오로지 문자적 물로만 해석되어야 한다고 제안한다. 본 연구는 크게 두 부분으로 구성되는데 전반부에서는 이 물에 대한 여섯 가지 주요 견해들을 검토한다. 여섯 가지 주요 견해들은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이 물은 문자적인 물로 해석되어야 한다. 둘째, 이 물은 성령을 상징한다. 셋째, 이 물은 세례를 가리킨다. 넷째, 이 물은 유월절과 관련이 있다. 다섯째, 이 물을 창세기 2장과 연계하여 그리스도께서 교회를 출생함의 이미지로 해석한다. 마지막으로, 이 물은 모세가 바위를 친 사건과 깊은 연관이 있다. 후반부에서는 이 여섯 가지 견해에 대한 검토에 근거하여 이 중 문자적 물 견해가 가장 설득력이 있는 견해라고 결론을 내리고 필자가 이 결론에 이르게 된 일곱 가지 근거들을 제시한다. 이 일곱 가지 근거들 중 중요한 세 가지를 요약하면, 먼저 필자는 문자적 읽기와 상징적 읽기는 많은 경우 긴장을 유발함으로 많은 학자들이 취하듯이 요한복음 19:34의 물에 대해 양쪽 읽기를 동시에 인정하는 해석보다는 오히려 두 가지 읽기 중 하나를 선택하는 것이 더 바람직하다고 주장하며 다른 근거들에 기초해 본 연구는 문자적 읽기를 선택한다. 두 번째 주요 근거는 요한복음 19:35에 기록된 요한복음 저자의 증언이다. 저자는 자신이 예수의 옆구리로부터 피와 물이 나오는 것을 보았다고 증언하며 자신의 증언이 참이라고 확증하는데, 이는 이 사건의 역사성을 보여주며 결과적으로 이 물이 문자적 물로 해석되어야 함을 뒷받침하는 근거가 된다. 마지막 세 번째 주요 근거는 이 문자적 물 해석이 이 복음서가 기록된 역사적 상황과도 잘 어울린다는 점이다. 요한복음이 기록될 당시에 요한 공동체에 가현설의 영향이 있었을 가능성이 매우 높고, 피와 물에 대한 저자의 이 언급은 예수가 한 인간으로서 피와 물을 가졌음을 강조함을 통해 이 가현설의 영향에 대항하기 위한 의도가 있었을 가능성이 매우 높다.

Abstract

Through this study, I suggest that the water in John 19:34 should be interpreted only as literal water. The study consists of two parts. In the first half, I examine the six main views of the water. Here are the six main views. First, this water should be interpreted as literal water. Second, this water symbolizes the Spirit. Third, this water refers to baptism. Fourth, the water at 19:34 is associated with the Passover. Fifth, in connection with Genesis 2, this water is interpreted as the image of Christ’s birth of the Church. Lastly, this water is deeply related to the incident of Moses’ striking the rock. In the latter part, based on the review of these six views, I conclude that the literal water view is the most convincing, and I present the seven reasons that led to this conclusion. Three key points of these seven grounds can be summarized as follows. First, I propose to choose between literal reading and symbolic reading, rather than taking a both-and approach, as many scholars do, because literal reading and symbolic reading often create tensions. And based on other evidence, this study chooses literal reading. Second, the testimony of the evangelist in John 19:35 supports the literal water view. The evangelist testifies that he saw blood and water coming from Jesus’ side and even assures that his testimony is true. This means that this incident is a historical event and this water must be interpreted as literal water. Third, this literal interpretation coheres well with the historical situation in which this Gospel was written. In other words, it is very likely that the Johannine community was influenced by docetism at the time of composing this Gospel. Thus it is convincing to assume that the evangelist emphasized the humanity of Jesus by narrating this incident of Jesus flowing blood and water from his side to counteract the influence.

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