디지털제품의 국제교역과 무역구제
Digital Products and Legal Issues of Trade Remedy
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In this paper, I deal with various legal issues related to trade remedy that can be raised in international trade of digital products being discussed in the WTO and FTAs. To this end, Chapter 2 examines the definition and limitations of digital products in the bilateral trade negotiations such as FTAs as well as in the WTO represented by the results of multilateral negotiations. Based on these results, this study reviewed various legal issues of digital products related to trade remedy in Chapter 3 and analyzed limitations of each issue. First, the definition of digital products is not clearly defined through discussions in the WTO. However, it is defined through some bilateral FTAs, so-called “US-type FTA model law”, and the process of specifying them in domestic law. However, it is also true that these definitions do not cover all the legal attributes of digital products that can be traded internationally. The limitations in this definition are based on the fact that the digital product itself shares two characteristics as a product and a service that enables electronic transmission. On the other hand, in relation to the definition of a digital product, the 'scope' of the product must also be considered. The question is whether the definition of a digital product should distinguish between what is contained in the physical medium and what is transmitted electronically, given the scope of the product. And more, this issue is more important because it is a significant legal issue that should be considered when deciding on the comparison objects of trade remedy. Ultimately, this comparison under the characteristic of the digital product again restrains judgment on the classification of the product. Among them, the issue of full-fledged issues is trade remedy for digital products as a service. These include various legal issues such as “likeness” and/or “directly competitiveness” issues, provisions for service subsidies, and criteria for determining the origin of digital products as a service. It also involves the infringement of various intellectual property rights on digital products that appear as unfair trade practices. However, it is not clear at this time how many of these issues will be resolved in the future. In other words, it is difficult to find clear criteria or agreement between countries that can be applied to the relationship between digital products and trade remedy through the FTA and the WTO. And the absence of such laws is due to the complex nature of the digital product itself. In conclusion, in the absence of such norms and in the possibility of realistic trade remedy, the legal issues that we can find now are identified as a requirement that the problem of classification of digital products should be prioritized in advance. However, it seems that the solution of the problems through the WTO will be rather difficult for the international community to discuss, and the solution of the bilateral negotiation through model law such as so-called US-type FTA is considered as an alternative.
Abstract
In this paper, I deal with various legal issues related to trade remedy that can be raised in international trade of digital products being discussed in the WTO and FTAs. To this end, Chapter 2 examines the definition and limitations of digital products in the bilateral trade negotiations such as FTAs as well as in the WTO represented by the results of multilateral negotiations. Based on these results, this study reviewed various legal issues of digital products related to trade remedy in Chapter 3 and analyzed limitations of each issue. First, the definition of digital products is not clearly defined through discussions in the WTO. However, it is defined through some bilateral FTAs, so-called “US-type FTA model law”, and the process of specifying them in domestic law. However, it is also true that these definitions do not cover all the legal attributes of digital products that can be traded internationally. The limitations in this definition are based on the fact that the digital product itself shares two characteristics as a product and a service that enables electronic transmission. On the other hand, in relation to the definition of a digital product, the 'scope' of the product must also be considered. The question is whether the definition of a digital product should distinguish between what is contained in the physical medium and what is transmitted electronically, given the scope of the product. And more, this issue is more important because it is a significant legal issue that should be considered when deciding on the comparison objects of trade remedy. Ultimately, this comparison under the characteristic of the digital product again restrains judgment on the classification of the product. Among them, the issue of full-fledged issues is trade remedy for digital products as a service. These include various legal issues such as “likeness” and/or “directly competitiveness” issues, provisions for service subsidies, and criteria for determining the origin of digital products as a service. It also involves the infringement of various intellectual property rights on digital products that appear as unfair trade practices. However, it is not clear at this time how many of these issues will be resolved in the future. In other words, it is difficult to find clear criteria or agreement between countries that can be applied to the relationship between digital products and trade remedy through the FTA and the WTO. And the absence of such laws is due to the complex nature of the digital product itself. In conclusion, in the absence of such norms and in the possibility of realistic trade remedy, the legal issues that we can find now are identified as a requirement that the problem of classification of digital products should be prioritized in advance. However, it seems that the solution of the problems through the WTO will be rather difficult for the international community to discuss, and the solution of the bilateral negotiation through model law such as so-called US-type FTA is considered as an alternative.
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