최근 미국소년사법의 현황과 전망
Juvenile Justice System
0
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Historically, the United States has generally treated juvenile offenders as children in need of rehabilitation, within a separate justice system designed to recognize their special needs and immature character. However by the 1990s, the increased prosecution of juveniles in adult criminal courts was becoming a nationwide trend. Tough on crime policies in a political climate focused on the fear of remorseless young “superpredators” became commonplace. Juvenile justice models moved away from an emphasis on rehabilitation and towards a more retributive system, including mandatory transfer policies, life without parole sentences, and even capital punishment for homicide offences. Against this tide of reform, the United States Supreme Court issued three landmark decisions in the last decade--Roper v. Simmons, Graham v. Florida, and Miller v. Alabama--that addressed the criminal culpability of young persons and the constitutional limits on appropriate sentencing dispositions. In each of these cases, the Court built on its prior jurisprudence on the inherent frailty of juvenile defendants and further relied upon modern scientific studies of the adolescent brain in concluding that adolescents are not as morally responsible for their behaviour as adults.
Abstract
Historically, the United States has generally treated juvenile offenders as children in need of rehabilitation, within a separate justice system designed to recognize their special needs and immature character. However by the 1990s, the increased prosecution of juveniles in adult criminal courts was becoming a nationwide trend. Tough on crime policies in a political climate focused on the fear of remorseless young “superpredators” became commonplace. Juvenile justice models moved away from an emphasis on rehabilitation and towards a more retributive system, including mandatory transfer policies, life without parole sentences, and even capital punishment for homicide offences. Against this tide of reform, the United States Supreme Court issued three landmark decisions in the last decade--Roper v. Simmons, Graham v. Florida, and Miller v. Alabama--that addressed the criminal culpability of young persons and the constitutional limits on appropriate sentencing dispositions. In each of these cases, the Court built on its prior jurisprudence on the inherent frailty of juvenile defendants and further relied upon modern scientific studies of the adolescent brain in concluding that adolescents are not as morally responsible for their behaviour as adults.
참고문헌 (23)
- 강경래, "일본 의료소년원의 현황과 평가", 소년보호연구, 27, pp.75~112 (2014), 한국소년정책학회
- 노성호, "청소년 비행의 추세분석과 전망", 형사정책연구, 20(1), pp.9~39 (2009), 한국형사정책연구원
- 류병관, "미국 소년사법에 있어 범죄피해자권리 등장에 따른 논의", 소년보호연구, 17, pp.213~236 (2011), 한국소년정책학회
- 류병관, "최근 미국의 소년사법과 ‘미연방수정헌법제8조’ -소년범의 인권과 가석방 없는 종신형(LWOP)-", 소년보호연구, 24, pp.141~170 (2014), 한국소년정책학회
- 류병관, "미국소년사법에 있어 소년정신건강법원(JMHC)에 관한 연구", 소년보호연구, 27, pp.49~74 (2014), 한국소년정책학회
- 박찬걸, "우리나라 의료재활교육소년원의 현황 및 발전방안", 소년보호연구, 27, pp.1~48 (2014), 한국소년정책학회
- 이순래, "미국 소년사법과 비행예방국(OJJDP)의 최근 동향‘-소년책임의 범죄대책을 중심으로-,", 형사정책연구소식, 98 (2006), 형사정책연구권
- 소년보호 통계의 효용성 제고를 위한 「소년보호통계」개선방안 연구, "이민식", 법무부, ~ (2010)
- 윌리엄 박, "미국 소년사법 절차의 고찰", 소년보호연구, 27, pp.113~133 (2014), 한국소년정책학회
- Brianna H. Boone, "TREATING ADULTS LIKE CHILDREN:RE-SENTENCING ADULT JUVENILE LIFERS AFTER MILLER V. ALABAMA", Minn. L. Rev., 99, pp.1159~ (2015)
- Brock Jones, "Accepting That Children Are Not Miniature Adults: A Comparative Analysis of Recent Youth Criminal Justice Developments in Canada and the United States", Can. Crim. L. Rev., 19, pp.95~ (2015)
- David R. Katner, "ELIMINATING THE COMPETENCY PRESUMPTION IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY CASES", Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol'y, 24, pp.403~ (2015)
- Denise D. Bentley, "YOUTH COURTS MODEL RESTORATIVE JUSTICE", APR Tenn. B. J., 51, pp.22~ (2015)
- Franklin E. Zimring, "AMERICAN YOUTH VIOLENCE: A CAUTIONARY TALE", Crime &Just, 42, pp.265~ (2013)
- Ioana Tchoukleva, "CHILDREN ARE DIFFERENT: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RHETORIC AND REALITY POST MILLER v. ALABAMA", Cal. L. Rev. Circuit, 4, pp.92~ (2013)
- Jennifer S. Breen, "MillsMANDATING DISCRETION:JUVENILE SENTENCING SCHEMES AFTER MILLER v. ALABAMA", Am. Crim. L. Rev., 52, pp.293~ (2015)
- Mariko K. Shitama, "BRINGING OUR CHILDREN BACK FROM THE LAND OF NOD: WHY THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT FORBIDS CONDEMNING JUVENILES TO DIE IN PRISON FOR ACCESSORIAL FELONY MURDER", Fla. L. Rev., 65, pp.813~ (2013)
- Joel Frost-Tift, "JUVENILES IN JEOPARDY: RECLAIMING THE JUSTICE SYSTEM'S REHABILITATIVE IDEALS", S. Cal. Rev. L. & Soc. Just, 23, pp.457~ (2014)
- Michael Barbee, "Juveniles Are Different: Juvenile Life Without Parole After Graham v. Florida", Miss. L. J., 81, pp.299~
- Neelum Arya, "Using Graham v. Florida to Challenge Juvenile Transfer Laws", La. L. Rev., 71, pp.99~ (2010)
- Rebecca House, "Seen but not Heard: Using Judicial Waiver to Save the Juvenile Justice System and Our Kids", U. Tol. L. Rev., 45, pp.149~ (2013)
- Robert Johnson, "An Eigth Amendment Analysis of Juvenile Life Without Parole: Extending Graham to all Juvenile Offenders", U. Md. L.J. Race, Religion, Gender &Class, 12, pp.101~ (2012)
- Scott Lenahan, "A NEW ERA IN JUVENILE JUSTICE: EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF JUVENILE PROTECTIONS THROUGH NEUROPSYCHOLOGY", Suffolk J. Trial & App. Advoc, 20, pp.92~ (2015)