코로나19 시기의 돌봄공백과 제도사용, 직장 내 차별과 고용안정에 관한 연구: 유자녀 여성의 돌봄 및 노동환경을 중심으로
A Study on Effect of Family Care System and Workplace Discrimination on Employment Security during COVID-19: Focusing on changes in the caring environment and working environment
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본 연구는 코로나19가 초래한 공적돌봄체계의 마비가 여성노동자의 고용안정에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 특히, 자녀특성과 돌봄공백, 이를 해소하기 위한 가족돌봄휴가 등 제도의 활용, 코로나19 전･후 노동시간의 변화, 그리고 가족돌봄 및 제도사용에서 기인한 직장 내불이익에 주목하였다. 분석을 위해 한국노총 조합원 중 중등이하 자녀를 둔 남녀노동자 551명을 대상으로 실태조사 자료를 활용하였고, 순위형 로짓분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 남녀노동자모두 비정규직보다 정규직이, 민간부문보다 공공부문에 종사하는 경우 고용안정성이 높았다. 반면, 코로나19 전･후 노동시간의 감소폭이 클수록, 가족돌봄휴가 사용이나 직장 내 불이익이있는 경우, 고용은 불안정한 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 남성과 달리 여성은 돌봄이 필요한 자녀의 수가 많을수록, 자녀의 연령이 어릴수록 고용불안정성이 커지는 결과를 보였다. 그간 돌봄의사회화를 위한 정부의 정책적 개입에도 불구하고, 코로나19는 돌봄의 여성화를 강화하는 기제로 작동하고 있으며, 여성을 이상적 노동자 규범에서 벗어난 집단으로 만들어 노동시장 내 불이익에 직면하도록 만들었다. 이에 본 연구는 연구결과를 토대로 돌봄의 사회화 및 지역사회중심의 돌봄체계 구축, 돌봄노동자의 안정적 지위 확보, 법･제도적 정비를 통한 적극적 직장내 불이익 방지방안, 직장 내 불이익 방지의 법정교육 의무화를 제안하였다.
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of the disruption of the public caregiving system caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the employment stability of female laborers. Specifically, the study focused on the characteristics of children, caregiving gaps, and the utilization of family care leave and other policies to address them, changes in working hours before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and workplace discrimination resulting from family caregiving and policy utilization. For analysis, data from a survey of 551 male and female laborers with children in middle school or below who are members of the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU) were utilized, and a hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted. The results showed that both male and female laborers had higher employment stability in regular employment and in the public sector compared to non-regular employment and the private sector. On the other hand, it was found that employment instability increased when there was a larger reduction in working hours before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and when there was utilization of family care leave or workplace discrimination. In particular, unlike men, women showed higher employment instability as the number of children requiring care increased and as the age of the children became younger. Despite government policies to socialize caregiving, the COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the feminization of caregiving and has pushed women out of the ideal norm of labor force, resulting in disadvantages in the labor market. Based on the research findings, this study proposes strategies for socializing caregiving and building a community-centered caregiving system, securing stable status for caregiving laborers, proactive measures to prevent workplace discrimination through legal and institutional improvements, and mandatory legal education on preventing workplace discrimination.
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