트라우마, 희생양, 공동체 서사성: 코로나19 트라우마 이해와 공동체 회복을 위한 연구
Trauma, Scapegoating, and Community Narratives: a Study of Covid-19 Trauma and Rebuilding of Community
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초록
코로나19는 현재까지 좀처럼 통제될 기미가 없이 맹위를 떨치며 2년 가까이 인류를 감염의 위험과 죽음의 두려움에 빠트리고 있다. 대량 감염과 초기 대응 실패로 의료시스템은 마비되고 나라들은 공황상태에 빠졌고, 인류는 이전에 없던 개인적, 집단적 트라우마를 경험하게 되었다. 원래 트라우마는 충격적인 신체적, 심리적 손상으로 발생한 강한 두려움의 직접적 경험을 지칭한다. PTSD 역시 위급한 증상만 다루지만 미래 전망의 관점에서 코로나는 대리적, 집단적 PTSD 증상들을 예견하게 한다. 한편 공동체의 무의식 차원에서 코로나19는 방역이라는 이름으로 감염된 개인이나 집단에 대한 낙인으로 희생양 삼기를 계속해왔다. 집단심리적 정화의 기대 때문에 일부 구성원들을 따돌리고 비난하는 희생양 폭력성은 건강한 대안을 필요로 한다. 그것은 공동체의 힘을 모아 문제의 근원을 제거하는 영적 대안으로서 은유적 의미에서의 축사 곧 문제에 이름을 붙이고 객체화, 서사화함으로써 문제와 질병을 환자로부터 분리시킬 필요가 있다. 이로써 공동체 내의 문제를 객관화하고 구성원을 비난하거나 고립시키는 대신 문제를 풀 수 있기 때문이다. 심각한 감염병 상황에서 인류 공동체의 보존은 긴장과 두려움을 공동체 일부 구성원들에게 전가하는 희생양 삼기를 통한 해리와 문화적 트라우마를 통해 이루어질 수 없다. 오히려 고통받는 사람들과 공동체의 구체적 기술과 서술의 행위를 통한 서사적 행위를 공감적으로 실천함으로써 코로나 이후 세상과 인류 공동체를 회복하는 것이 목회상담자들에게 주어진 시대의 과제이다.
Abstract
Covid-19 has not been effectively controlled as expected by the hands of modern medicine, which has aggravated human anxiety and fear of death as a global pandemic for almost two years. The overwhelming speed of the spreading disease has panicked and shocked medical workers of every country; horrible images of deaths and mass cremation due to the pandemic have also traumatized people around the world. Trauma refers to a direct exposure to or experience of strong fear from unexpected and abrupt psychological, physical, or relational losses. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder deals with urgent situations of life only, but COVID-19 is to be diagnosed as PTSD exceptionally due to its prospective symptoms in the future. One of the pandemic’s prominent aspects is the targeting of Covid-19 patients: scapegoating has happened in many countries both at a conscious and unconscious level with collective blame and shame. A proper alternative to scapegoating is an exorcism as a means to expel evil spirits to save the victims, which can be transformed into today’s practice of narrative empathy. For those who are alienated due to and suffering from the traumatic diseases, pastoral counselors are expected to rebuild and reunite communal narratives with empathy through the patients’ storytelling, describing, or writing of their real stories.
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