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러시아 민주주의 공고화와 정치과정

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초록

전통적으로 선거의 존재는 민주주의의 최소기준을 충족시키는 핵심 요인으로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 다양한 권위주의정치체제가 선거제도를 유입함으로써 선거민주주의와 선거권위주의 논쟁이 촉발되고 있다. 본 논문 역시 위와 같은 선거민주주의/선거권위주의 논쟁에 기반하여 러시아 민주주의 공고화를 측정하고자 하였다. 분석결과는 러시아의 선거·정당이 슘페터의 최소주의적 민주주의개념이 전제하는 ‘자유롭고 공정한 선거를 통한 경쟁‘의 요건을 전적으로 충족시키고 있지 못함을 보여준다. 러시아의 선거는 실질적으로는 권위주의적 통제 기제로서 작동할 뿐이며 민주주의는 체계적으로 억압당하는 선거권위주의의 유형에 가깝다고 할 수 있다. 또한 주권민주주의개념은 민족주의에 기반한 ‘러시아식 민주주의’ 해석을 대변하고 있으며 현대 민주주의에 특징적인 경쟁과 다원주의적 이익대변을 거부한다. ‘러시아식 민주주의’ 정향은 궁극적으로 민주주의의 최소주의적 정의에 입각해 볼 때 ‘민주주의’라고 규정되기 힘들다. 이는 행태, 제도 및 정향적 차원에서 러시아 민주주의 공고화의 위기를 보여준다.

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