주변부 이슬람 사회의 진보적 민족주의:아제르바이잔의 역사적 경험과 현재적 의의
Progressive nationalism in the Muslim society in the Periphery:historical experience and current meaning for Azerbaijan
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세계체제의 주변부 사회 중에서도 제국주의 지배 하 이슬람 지역에서의 저항적 민족주의는 종교적 전통과의 결합 속에서 민주주의적 발전에 반하는 모습들을 보여 온 것이 사실이다. 현재에도 이슬람 지역에서는 진정한 근대화와 민주주의에 대한 요구가 끊임없이 이어지고 있음에도 불구하고, 다양한 이유로 그 시도가 좌절되어 온 것이 사실이다. 그러나 아제르바이잔의 역사와 현대 정치는 위에서 언급한 기존의 통념들에 상당 부분 반(反)하는 사례를 보여 주고 있다. 물론 이러한 특징을 갖게 된 가장 핵심적인 원인은 소련의 지배에 있다는 것은 자명하다. 그러나 본 논문은 그 동안 크게 조명되지 못 했던 근대 아제르바이잔 민족 국가 형성기의 경험에 주목하고자 한다. 비록 러시아 제국의 지배하에 있었지만, 아제르바이잔의 민족 인텔리겐차들은 러시아를 통해 자유주의와 사회주의, 무정부주의 등 다양한 급진적 사상들을 받아들여 민족주의와의 결합을 모색하면서 이러한 사상들에 근거하여 아제르바이잔의 근대화를 추진하였다. 저항 이데올로기로서의 민족주의가 급진적 자유주의, 그리고 다양한 사회주의적 요소들과 결합해 극우적 민족주의나 종교적 근본주의로 나아가는 길을 스스로 제약해 온 아제르바이잔의 정치적 전통은 소련 붕괴 이후 현대 아제르바이잔에서도 권위주의 정권에 맞서는 저항 세력들에게 강력한 영향을 미치고 있다.
Abstract
In societies in the periphery of the world capitalist system, especially in Muslim societies under imperialism by the West ‘resistance nationalism’ combined with reactionary religious tradition has been contradictory to the development of democracy. even in present in these societies, in spite of the unceasing request of modernization and democratization, such challenge and development have been frustrated for various reasons. However, the history and modern politics of Azerbaijan is opposite to such an generally accepted common notion. Of Course, most of all, the uniqueness of Azerbaijan case resulted in the experience and legacy of the Soviet rule. However, the paper pays attention to the experiences in the period of the nation-building of the Azerbaijani people, which have been neglected for a long time. Under Russian imperialism, resisting to the imperialistic rule of Russian empire at the same time, Azerbaijani nationalistic intelligentsia has pushed ahead with the modernization of Azerbaijan society and accepted various radical ideas such as liberalism, socialism, secularism, and anarchism through Russia from Europe. Azerbaijani tradition created by the intelligentsia that nationalism as a resistance ideology combined with radical liberalism and various socialism prevent Azerbaijan society from the deterioration into the reactionary rightist nationalism and expansion of the islamic fundamentalism and has a strong effect on the post-Soviet Azerbaijan politics against authoritarian regime even in present.
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