타지키스탄 내전과 그 이후: 민족주의, 이슬람 그리고 민주주의
Civil War in Tajikistan and Current Situation: Nationalism, Islam and Democracy
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초록
본 논문은 이데올로기와 이슬람, 지역주의, 족벌(clan), 우즈벡 민족 문제 등 다양한 요인들 중에서도 체제전환 및 내전, 그리고 종전 이후 국민 국가 건설 등 최근까지의 타지크 정치사회적 변화의 핵심으로 타지크 민족주의적 요소가 있었음을 강조하고자 한다. 즉 체제전환기와 내전에 이르는 기간 자유주의 정치세력에서 이슬람주의 정치세력에 이르기까지 다양한 저항 세력의 공통적 분모는 타지크 민족주의였으며, 내전 이후 옛 공산정권과는 달리, 라흐몬의 권위주의 정부가 민족주의의 의제들 중 상당부분을 수용하면서 저항 세력들의 입지가 크게 약화된 측면이 있는 것이다. 그러나 이제 소련 체제 붕괴 시기 반공산 민주화의 핵심 이데올로기였던 자유주의와 민족주의는 각각 제도적 민주주의의 외피와 시장경제 발전 과정 속에서 이후 그 급진성을 상실하거나 국민 국가 건설 과정에서 라흐몬 권위주의 정권의 지배 이데올로기의 일부가 됨으로써 그 진보적 성격이 사라지는 운명을 맞이하고 있다. 지역과 족벌, 종교 등에 기반한 정치가 아니라 이념과 정책에 기반한 정치로 전환할 때만이 민주주의가 정착될 수 있다고 할 때, 독특한 발전의 길을 걸어 왔던 타지크 이슬람 정치 세력의 부침과 새로운 정치 세력의 등장 등에 대한 연구를 통해 이슬람 지역에서의 민주주의의 발전 가능성에 대한 전망을 해 보고자 한다.
Abstract
This article aims shed light on the Tajik nationalism among the other factors, such as ideologies, Islam, religion, clan, and Uzbek minority problems that has had strong influences on the political and social changes in Tajikistan after the collapse of Soviet Union, the civil war and nation-building so far. Throughout the period of transition and civil war, liberal and Islamist opposition parties-resistances have shared Tajik nationalism with each other. Since the end of the civil war, the opposition parties, including Islamic political party(Islamic Renaissance Party), have been weakened, because, unlike the former Communist Party, Rakhmon’s authoritarian regime have accommodated and adopted Tajik nationalism. However, liberalism and nationalism have lost their radical and progressive nature in the process of development of institutional democracy and market economy system and have become a part of the ruling ideologies by the Rakhmon’s authoritarian regime. It is said that democratic system can be improved and developed when it is based not on regionalism, clan, and religion, but on the idea and policy. In this context, through the study on the fate of the existing liberal and Islamic political parties and the appearance of the new political actors, the article try to forecast the passibility of development of the democracy in the Muslim countries.
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