韓國戰爭期 毛澤東-彭德懷의 戰役遂行戰略 硏究
A Study on the Campaign Implementation Strategy of Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai during the Korean War
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본 연구는 한국전쟁기 항미원조(抗美援朝) 기치 하에 중공군(中共軍)이 참전하여 실질적인 대미(對美) 전투를 수행했던 제1차 戰役으로부터 제5차 戰役기간의 毛澤東과 彭德懷의 국가전략(國家戰略)과 군사전략(軍事戰略)그리고 군사작전(軍事作戰) 등을 다루고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 毛澤東이 추구했던 국가전략과 이를 군사작전으로 구현하고자 했던 彭德懷의 군사전략을 5차에 걸친 戰役을 통해 분석하고, 毛澤東이 추구하고 달성하고자 했던 국가목표가 실제적으로 달성되었는지를 살펴보는 데 있다. 毛澤東이 한국전쟁에의 참여를 결정하게 된 배경에는 공산주의 국가의 종주국으로서 지도력을 발휘하고 있는 스탈린과의 수직적 서열 관계, 프롤레타리아 국제주의 연대 의무, 2차 국공내전(國共內戰) 기 북한 김일성의 후방지역에서의 지원에 대한 보답 등도 있었으나 기본적으로는 중화중심적 국가전략에 기초한 국가이익이 그 배경이 되고 있다. 중공군의 한국전쟁 참전 후, 중공군에 의한 1~5차 戰役 수행 시, 毛澤東의 국가전략 목표와 彭德懷의 군사작전 목표를 분석하고자 하는 것은, 참전 배경이 되었던 국가전략목표의 변화를 들여다봄으로써 毛澤東의 국가전략목표에 어떠한 변화가 있었으며 이를 달성하기 위한 군사작전 목표는 어떻게 변화되었는가를 통해 중공군의 한국전쟁 참전이 어떠한 의미를 갖는 것인가를 더 명확히 하는 데 있다. 毛澤東은 민족주의자로서, 미국과 일본 등 해양세력으로부터 중국 본토의 최소한의 안전보장을 담보해 줄 수 있는 완충지대(Buffer Zone)를 국경선 일대를 중심으로 최대한 확보하고자 했다. 毛澤東은 참전 후, 제1차 戰役을 통해 중국의 국경선 상에서 미 군사력과의 직접적인 대치공간이 발생되지 않도록 하는 전략목표를 설정했고, 제2차 戰役 이후에는 ‘한반도 석권’을 추구하여 한반도가 해양세력의 교두보가 될 수 있는 가능성을 완전히 제거하는 전략목표로 추구했다. 그러나 제3차·4차·5차 戰役을 거치면서 현대화 된 미군의 전력과의 현격한 격차를 경험하고는 한반도 석권이 실질적으로 불가능함을 인식하였다. 이에 따라 毛澤東은 제2차 戰役 시 설정하였던 한반도 석권이라는 국가전략목표를 수정하여 제1차 戰役시 추구하였던 ‘중국의 국경선 상에서 미 군사력과의 직접적인 대치공간 제거’라는 국가전략목표로 전환하여 전쟁을 수행하게 된다. 中國人民志願軍司令元이었던 군사지도자로의 彭德懷는 毛澤東이 설정한 국가전략목표 달성에 기여하는 방향으로 군사작전목표를 설정하여 戰役을 수행하려 했다. 이에 따라 제1차 戰役에서는 작전목표를 ‘미군의 압록강변 진출 저지’에 두었고, 2차 戰役에서는 단시간에 효율적인 군사작전 수행을 위한 전제조건으로 조중연합사령부 설치를 통한 전투력 발휘의 극대화를 작전목표로 설정하여 한반도 석권을 추구하였다. 그러나 제3차 戰役 이후에는 현대화된 미군과의 힘의 격차를 인정하고 毛澤東으로 하여금 2차 戰役에서의 전략목표인 ‘한반도 석권’이라는 전략목표를 수정하여 ‘한반도 북부에서의 미군과의 직접적인 대치 상황 회피’라는 본래의 참전전략으로 조정할 것을 건의하고 이를 관철했다. 이후 彭德懷는 전쟁의 장기화에 대비하는 ‘군사력의 유지’를 군사작전목표로 설정하여 戰役을 수행하면서 국가전략목표 달성을 추구하였다.
Abstract
This study examines the national and military strategies of Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai during the 5th Campaign from the 1st Campaign in which the Chinese Communist Army participated in the Korean War under the banner of ‘helping Joseon against the United States’ during the Korean War. The purpose of this study is to analyze the national strategy pursued by China, that is, Mao Zedong, and the military strategy of Peng Dehuai, who tried to implement it as an approximate operation, through the campaign during the 5 campaigns led by the CCP, and pursued by Mao Zedong. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the national goal to be achieved was actually achieved. It appears when a country’s political leaders decide and implement policies that can influence externally. In particular, when a country is in a crisis situation, there are key factors to be considered when the country's political leaders make policy decisions and guide their implementation. The main consideration is the national interest. National interests are complex in nature, including the order between states in international relations, the role played in warfare as a coalition of states, the intensity of the crisis facing the state, the domestic political situation, and the sharing of ideological values under the Cold War system. For Mao Zedong, the background that made the decision of the Chinese Communist Army to participate in the Korean War was the hierarchical relationship with Stalin, who is showing leadership as the suzerain of the communist state, the duty of solidarity with the proletariat, and the area behind Kim Il-sung of North Korea during the Second Civil War. There was also a return for the support of the Chinese government, but the national interest based on the Chinese national power is the background. To analyze the national strategic goals of Mao Zedong and the military strategic goals of Paeng Dehui, when the Chinese army conducts a large-scale campaign after the Chinese military’s participation in the Korean War, from a Chinese perspective, by looking into the changes in the national strategic goals that were the background for the war. What changes were made to the national strategic goals of the country and how the military force goals to achieve them were changed can make it clearer what the Chinese military’s participation in the Korean War means. As a nationalist, Mao Zedong tried to secure as much as possible a buffer zone at the border that could at least guarantee the security of mainland China from maritime powers such as the United States and Japan from a Sino-Chinese perspective. After participating in the war, Mao Zedong sought to completely eliminate the possibility that the Korean Peninsula could become a bridgehead for maritime powers through the first campaign to eliminate the space of direct confrontation with the US military forces on the border of China through the first campaign. However, during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th campaigns, he experienced a significant difference in power with the modernized US military power and recognized that complete conquest of the Korean Peninsula was practically impossible. Accordingly, the national strategic goal set at the time of the 2nd discharge was revised and the national strategic goal pursued during the 1st discharge was reset to the national strategic goal of “removing the space of direct confrontation with the U.S. military forces on the border of China” to carry out the war. As a military leader who was the commander of the People’s Volunteer Army, Peng Dehui tried to set and carry out the military strategic goals in a way that contributed to the achievement of the national strategic goals set by Mao Zedong. Accordingly, in the first campaign, the advance of the U.S. forces was prevented from advancing along the Yalu River, and in the second campaign, as a prerequisite for effective military operations in a short time, the Sino-Korean Combined Forces Command was established to maximize combat power, thereby taking over the Korean peninsula. After the 3rd campaign, in order to achieve the national strategic goal, ‘maintenance of military power’ was set as the military strategic goal from the standpoint of preparing for a prolonged war.
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