자기 참조적 출처 기억에서의 자기 긍정 편향
Self-positivity bias in self-referential source memory
0
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 출처 점검 과제(source monitoring task)를 사용하여 자기 긍정 편향(self-positivity bias)의 영향으로 인해 출처 기억에서 자기 참조 효과(self-reference effect)의 크기가 기억 내용의 정서가에 따라 달라지는 지 살펴보았다. 참가자들이 자기 참조 및 타인 참조 부호화 조건에서 단어들을 학습한 직후 기억 검사를 받았던 실험 1에서는 긍정 형용사에 비해 부정 형용사에 대한 출처 기억에서 자기 참조 효과가 유의미하게 감소하였으며, 학습과 검사 사이에 24시간의 파지 간격을 둔 실험 2에서는 이러한 양상이 더욱 극대화되어 부정적 단어에 대한 출처 기억에서 자기 참조 효과가 사라지는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 자기 긍정 편향으로 인해 동일 정서가의 정보일지라도 자신과의 관련성에 따라 그 출처가 기억되는 양상이 달라졌음을 의미한다. 본 연구는 자아를 참조하여 정보를 처리(self-referential processing)하는 것이 늘 더 정확한 기억을 유도하는 것은 아니며, 주로 부정적 측면에서 논의되어 온 기억 편파 및 왜곡이 자기 고양 동기의 실현 및 긍정적 자기 개념의 유지 등을 돕는 순기능적 역할 또한 수행할 수 있음을 밝혔다는 데 그 의의가 있다.
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the magnitude of self-reference effects would differ for positive versus negative information as a function of self-positivity bias within a source monitoring paradigm. In Experiment 1 where a memory test immediately followed a learning phase, the size of self-reference effects was significantly larger for the positive words compared to negative words. This decrease in the magnitude of self-reference effects for negative words was found to be more pronounced in Experiment 2 where a 24-hour interval was introduced between learning and memory test phases: no self-reference effect for negative words. The present findings suggest that due to the self-positivity bias, the association between a memory and its source become systematically biased toward positivity when a memory is self-relevant as well as toward negativity when a memory is about others. Overall, the current findings provide support for the crucial role of memory in maintaining and enhancing positive self-image and further suggest that memory bias, which has mostly been discussed for its negative consequences, may serve a functionally adaptive role by enhancing individuals' positive self perception and subjective well-being.
참고문헌 (44)
- Alicke, M. D., "Personal contact, individuation, and better-thanaverage effect", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, pp.804~825 (1995)
- Anderson, N. H., "Likableness ratings of 555 personality-trait words", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, pp.272~279 (1968)
- Bahrick, H. P., "Accuracy and distortion in memory for high school grades", Psychological Science, 7, pp.265~271 (1996)
- Bower, G. H., "Remembering information related to one's self", Journal of Research in Personality, 13, pp.420~432 (1979)
- Brainard, D. H., "The Psychophysics Toolbox", Spatial Vision, 10, pp.433~436 (1997)
- Conway, M. A., "Memory and the self", Journal of Memory and Language, 53, pp.594~628 (2005)
- Conway, M. A., "The construction of autobiographical memories in the self memory system", Psychological Review, 107, pp.261~288 (2000)
- Damasio, A. R., "The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness" (1999), Harcourt Brace
- D'Argembeau, A., "Affective valence and the self-reference effect: Influence of retrieval conditions", British Journal of Psychology, 96, pp.457~466 (2005)
- Dobbins, I. G., "The systematic discrepancy between A' for overall recognition and remembering: a dual-process account", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, pp.587~599 (2001)
- Dunning, D., "Trait importance and modifiability as factors influencing self- assessment and self-enhancement motives", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, pp.1297~1306 (1995)
- Hicks, J. L., "The effect of general knowledge on source memory and decision processes", Journal of Memory and Language, 48, pp.489~501 (2003)
- Hicks, J. L., "Remember-know judgments can depend on how memory is tested", Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, pp.117~122 (1999)
- Johnson, M. K., "Source monitoring", Psychological Bulletin, 114, pp.3~28 (1993)
- Johnson, M. K., "Reality monitoring", Psychological Review, 88, pp.67~85 (1981)
- Kuiper, N. A., "Encoding of personal information", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, pp.499~514 (1979)
- Kuiper, N. A., "Depressed and non-depressed content in self-reference in mild depressives", Journal of Personality, 50, pp.67~79 (1982)
- Leary, M. R., "The self we know and the self we show: Self-esteem, self-presentation, and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships, Emotion and motivation", pp.204~224 (2004), Usisher
- Maki, R. H., "The effects of self-reference versus other reference on the recall of traits and nouns", Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, pp.169~172 (1985)
- Markus, H., "Self-schemata and processing information about the self", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, pp.63~78 (1977)
- Mather, M., "Evaluating characteristics of false memories: Remember", know judgments and memory characteristics questionnaire compared, 1997, pp.25, 826~837
- Mather, M., "Stereotype reliance in source monitoring: Age differences and neuropsychological test correlates", Cognitive Neuropsychology, 16, pp.437~458 (1999)
- Mather, M., "Misremembrance of options past: Source monitoring and choice", Psychological Science, 11, pp.132~138 (2000)
- Neisser, U., "Five kinds of self-knowledge", Philosophical Psychology, 1, pp.35~59 (1988)
- Norman, K. A., "False recognition in younger and older adults: Exploring the characteristics of illusory memories", Memory & Cognition, 25, pp.838~848 (1997)
- Roedieger, H. L., "Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, pp.803~814 (1995)
- Rogers, T. B., "Self-reference and the encoding of personal information", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, pp.677~688 (1977)
- Sanz, J., "Memory biases in social anxiety and depression", Cognition and Emotion, 10, pp.87~105 (1996)
- Schacter, D. L., "The seven sins of memory", American Psychologist, 54, pp.182~203 (1999)
- Schwartz, R. M., "The internal dialogue: On the asymmetry between positive and negative coping thoughts", Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, pp.591~605 (1986)
- Sedikides, C., "Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, pp.317~338 (1993)
- Sedikides, C., "On the self-protective nature of inconsistency-negativity management: Using the person memory paradigm to examine self-referent memory", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, pp.906~922 (2000)
- Silverman, I., "Self-esteem and differential responsiveness to success and failure", Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 69, pp.115~119 (1964)
- Strube, M. J., "In search of self: Balancing the good and the true", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, pp.699~704 (1990)
- Symons, C. S., "Self-reference and the encoding of personal information", Psychological Bulletin, 121, pp.371~394 (1997)
- Swann, W. B., "Identity negotiation: Where two roads meet", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, pp.1038~1051 (1987)
- Taylor, S. E., "Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health", Psychological Bulletin, 103, pp.193~210 (1988)
- Taylor, S. E., "Portrait of the self-enhancer: Well adjusted and well liked or maladjusted and friendless?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp.165~176 (2003)
- Trope, Y., "Self-enhancement and self-assessment in achievement behavior, Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior", pp.350~378 (1986), Guilford Press
- Turk, D. J., "Self-memory biases in explicit and incidental encoding of trait adjectives", Consciousness and Cognition, 17, pp.1040~1045 (2008)
- Walker, W. R., "Life is pleasant - and memory helps to keep it that way!", Review of General Psychology, 4, pp.203~210 (2003)
- Weinstein, N. D., "Optimistic biases about personal risks", Science, 246, pp.1232~1233 (1989)
- Weinstein, N. D., "Unrealistic optimism: Present and future", Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, pp.1~8 (1996)
- Wilson, A. E., "The identify function of autographical memory: Time is on our side", Memory, 11, pp.137~149 (2003)