THE INCOME TRANSITION IN RURAL INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM ARIS/REDS SURVEYS
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Measuring changes in inequality helps determine the effectiveness of policies aimed at correcting inequality and generates the data necessary to use inequality as an explanatory variable in policy analysis. Income inequality per period and income mobility across periods can be pooled into one overall measure of multiple period inequality. This paper highlights some aspects of structural changes and examines its impact on economic mobility in Indian rural economy. We have used a unique Additional Rural Income Survey/Rural Economic & Demographic Survey (ARIS/REDS) surveys data set for rural India spanning 3 decades to determine the reasons and magnitude of income mobility. The triggers, that have been identified, include land ownership, affirmative action program and occupation. The income mobility continues to be low. Further, the land reforms and advantages from affirmative action programs have not made any significant impact on the income mobility for the rural households in India over the periods.
Abstract
Measuring changes in inequality helps determine the effectiveness of policies aimed at correcting inequality and generates the data necessary to use inequality as an explanatory variable in policy analysis. Income inequality per period and income mobility across periods can be pooled into one overall measure of multiple period inequality. This paper highlights some aspects of structural changes and examines its impact on economic mobility in Indian rural economy. We have used a unique Additional Rural Income Survey/Rural Economic & Demographic Survey (ARIS/REDS) surveys data set for rural India spanning 3 decades to determine the reasons and magnitude of income mobility. The triggers, that have been identified, include land ownership, affirmative action program and occupation. The income mobility continues to be low. Further, the land reforms and advantages from affirmative action programs have not made any significant impact on the income mobility for the rural households in India over the periods.
참고문헌 (39)
- Anirudh, K., "Making It in India : Examining Social Mobility in three Walks of Life", Economic and Political Weekly, 48(49), pp.38~49 (2013)
- Atkinson, A. B., "Empirical Studies of Earnings Mobility" (1992), Harwood Academic Publishers
- Bayaz-Ozturk, G., "Consolidating Evidence on Income Mobility in the Western States of Germany and the U.S. from 1984 to 2006", Economic Inquiry, 52(1), pp.431~443 (2014)
- Income Mobility: A Robust Approach, "Cowell, F.", London School, ~, pp.London School of Economics and Political Science Discussion Paper No. DARP (1998), 37
- Dardanoni, V., "On measuring Social Mobility", Journal of Economic Theory, 61, pp.372~394 (1993)
- Deininger, K., "New Ways of Looking at Old Issues : Inequality and Growth", Journal of Development Economics, 57(2), pp.259~287 (1998)
- Desai, S., "Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action", Demography, 45(2), pp.245~270 (2008)
- Ding, N., "Household Income Mobility in China and Its Decomposition", China Economic Review, 19, pp.373~380 (2008)
- Fields, G. S., "Does Income Mobility Equalize Longer-Term Incomes? New Measures of an Old Concept", Journal of Economic Inequality, 8(4), pp.409~427 (2009)
- Fields, G.S., "The Meaning and Measurement of Income Mobility", Journal of Economic Theory, 71, pp.349~377 (1996)
- Fields, G.S., "Measuring Movement of Income", Economica, 66, pp.455~471 (1999)
- Gaiha, R., "Income Mobility in Rural India", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36(2), pp.279~302 (1988)
- Gaiha, R., "Persistent, Expected and Innate Poverty : Estimates for Semi-Arid Rural India, 1974-1984", Cambridge Journal of Economics, 17(4), pp.409~421 (1993)
- Economic Growth and the Income of the Poor, "Gallup, J.", Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II, ~, pp.Discussion Paper Number 36 (1999)
- Gang, I. N., "Is Caste Destiny? Occupational Diversification among Dalits in Rural India", European Journal of Development Research, 29(2), pp.476~492 (2012)
- Glewwe, P., "How Much of Observed Economic Mobility is Measurement Error? A Method to Reduce Measurement Error Bias, with an Application to Vietnam", World Bank Economic Review, 26(2), pp.236~264 (2005)
- How Income Mobility and Income Growth Explain Income Inequality Trends, "Herault, N.", Melbourne Institute, ~, pp.Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 14 (2015), 15
- Hnatkovska, V., "Breaking the Caste Barrier: Intergenerational Mobility in India", Journal of Human Resources, 48(2), pp.435~473 (2013)
- Intergenerational Mobility in Education in India, "Jalan, J.", Indian Statistical Institute, ~ (2008)
- Kapitany, Z., "Inequality and Income Mobility in Hungary, 1993-1998", Europe-Asia Studies, 56(8), pp.1109~1129 (2004)
- King, M. A., "An Index of Inequality: With application to Horizontal Equity and Social Mobility", Econometrica, 51(1), pp.99~115 (1983)
- Kopczuk, W., "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States : Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(1), pp.91~128 (2010)
- Li, H., "Explaining International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality", Economic Journal, 108(446), pp.26~43 (1998)
- Majumder, R., "Inter-generational Mobility in Educational and Occupational Attainment : A Comparative Study of Social Classes in India", Journal of Applied Economic Research, 4(4), pp.463~494 (2010)
- Mitra, A., "Labour Market Mobility of Low Income Households", Economic and Political Weekly, 27, pp.2123~2130 (2006)
- Mukund, K., "The Dynamics of Social Mobility in Pre-colonial South India : Some Reflections", Review of Development and Change, 6(1), pp.17~27 (2001)
- Pal, S., "Determinants of Occupational Change and Mobility in Rural India", Applied Economics, 32, pp.1559~1573 (2000)
- Parker, S.C., "Measuring Social Mobility as Unpredictability", Economica, 68(269), pp.63~76 (2001)
- Paul, S., "A Measure of Income Mobility with an Empirical Application", ISI Delhi Conference Paper (2009)
- Rajeswari, D., "Occupational Mobility: How Much Does Caste Matter?", Economic and Political Weekly, 23, pp.61~70 (2008)
- Ravallion, M., "Growth, Inequality and Poverty: Looking Behind the Averages", World Development, 29(11), pp.1803~1815 (2001)
- RBI, "Number and Percentage of Population below Poverty Line", Reserve Bank of India, ~ (2014)
- Does Economic Growth Reduce Poverty?, "Roemer, M.", Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II, ~, pp.Discussion Paper Number 4 (1997)
- Shorrocks, A. F., "Income Inequality and Income Mobility", Journal of Economic Theory, 46, pp.566~578 (1978)
- Shorrocks, A. F., "The Measurement of Mobility", Econometrica, 46, pp.1013~1024 (1978)
- Swaminathan, M., "Growth and Polarization : Changes in Wealth Inequality in a Tamil Nadu Village", Economic and Political Weekly, 23(43), pp.2229~2234 (1988)
- World Inequality Report, 2018, "Thomas P.", World Inequality Lab, WID World, ~ (2018)
- Timmer, P., "How Well Did the Poor Connect to the Growth Process?", Harvard Institute for International Development, ~ (1997)
- UNDP, "Humanity Divided: Confronting inequality in Developing Countries", United Nations Development Programme, ~ (2013)