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유럽연합의 북극 지역 기후변화 정책 시행과 전망 (국제적 수준의 대기오염원 감축조치와 북극이사회 회원국과의 관계 중심으로)

Implementation and the Prospect for the EU’s Climate Change Policy in the Arctic (Focusing on international measures to reduce air pollutants and relations with the Arctic states)

정혁
EU연구소 (Institute for European Union Studies)|2022.05|EU연구 (Journal of European Union Studies)|제62호|pp. 121-154|DOI 10.18109/jeus.2022..62.121

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유럽연합기후변화대기오염북극ArcticClimate ChangeEU북극이사회Arctic CouncilAir Pollution
주제분류지역학

초록

유럽연합은 최근 발표한 두 공동제안문에서 대기오염원들의 북극 지역의 온난화에 대한 가속성을 주지하고 주요 대기오염원들인 블랙카본과 메탄 등의 월경성을 감안한 국제적 수준에서의 조치 시행과 그 시행에 있어 북극이사회 회원국들과의 기후변화 정책 측면의 협력 관계를 강조한다. 본 논문은 이를 반추해보며, 유럽연합의 북극 지역에서의 대기오염원인, 블랙카본 메탄 등의 감축을 위한 국제적 수준의 조치들의 시행 현황에 대한 분석, 논의, 그리고 북극이사회 회원국들과의 최근 기후변화 관련 주요 정책 행보에 대한 분석 및 논의를 통해 향후 유럽연합의 북극 지역에서의 국제적 수준에서의 향후 대기오염원들의 감축과 관련한 전망을 제시한다. 유럽연합의 북극 지역 회원국들인 스웨덴, 핀란드, 덴마크는 유엔기후변화협약의 파리기후회의에서 요구하는 회원국별 온실가스 의무 감축량을 이미 초과 달성하였다. 또한 온실가스 증가가 예상되는 에너지 열 병합 및 운송 분야에 적용 및 확대되고 있는 바이오연료세 면제 등은 향후 추가적인 온실가스 감축을 전망 가능하게 한다. 원거리 월경성 대기오염 협약의 내용을 반영한 유럽연합 북극 지역에서의 블랙카본 감축을 위한 회원국 배출 상한량 지침의 시행과 북극이사회의 블랙카본 전문가 그룹의 블랙카본 감축에 대한 평가와 기후 및 청정 대기 연합의 메탄에 대한 감축 평가는 긍정적인 전망을 제시한다. 러시아를 제외한 노르웨이, 캐나다, 미국 등은 유럽연합의 전략적 파트너로서 최근 북극 지역에서의 대기오염원 감축을 위한 유럽연합과의 협조를 공약하고 있다. 바렌츠 유로 북극이사회 회원국인 아이슬란드 역시 산하 환경실무그룹을 통해 유럽연합과의 북극 지역 대기오염원 감축을 위한 협력의 지속성을 강조한다. 따라서 북극이사회 회원국들과의 공조 및 협력을 기반으로 한 유럽연합의 북극 지역에서의 대기오염원 특히, 블랙카본, 메탄 등의 감축을 위한 국제적 수준의 조치 시행과 그 효용성은 당분간은 다소 긍정적일 수 있을 것으로 전망된다.

Abstract

The European Union reiterates implementation of international measures and the relations with the Arctic states in the recently announced the two joint communications, noting the acceleration of warming incurred by air pollutants such as methane and black carbon in the Arctic. Mindful of it, this paper is purposed to suggest prospect for the direction to reduce emissions of the air pollutants in the EU arctic areas. With the aim, the paper, first, analyzes and discusses the status quo of the international measures aimed at reducing emissions of the air pollutants. Then, the paper analyzes and discusses the primary policies regarding climate change that involves the EU and the Arctic states. The EU arctic states, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, have already exceeded the mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions that the Paris climate change agreement requires. And exemption of biofuel fuel tax that is applied and getting expanded in heating and transport area also enables the prospect for further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of National Emissions Ceiling Directive which the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution is reflected on and assessment on reduction of black carbon by the Arctic Council’s Black Carbon Expert Group, and assessment on reduction of methane by Climate and Clean Air Coalition, suggest all positive prospects. Except for Russia, Norway, Canada, the United States as strategic partner, pledge cooperation with the EU in reducing air pollutants in the Arctic. A member state of Barents-Euro Arctic States, Iceland, stresses sustainability of cooperation with the EU through its working group on environment for reduction of air pollutants in the Arctic. Hence, it can be positive for a while when it comes to effectiveness of the international measures aimed at reducing the air pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane and black carbon.

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