에스토니아 내 러시아인 디아스포라의 정체성 변화
Transformation in the Identity of the Russian Diaspora in Estonia
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초록
소련으로부터 독립한 이후 에스토니아 정부는 소비에트 시기 억압받았던 민족어와 민족 문화 되살리기에 나섰다. 이는 주권을 되찾은 에스토니아의 당연한 선택이자, 그동안의 민족적 설움을 보상하는 결정이었다. 다른 한편에서는 러시아인을 비롯한 비에스토니아인들이 시민권 취득과 참정권 행사에 문제를 겪게 됐으며, 언어와 직결된 사회생활에서 소외되기도 했다. 그렇지만 에스토니아의 경제적 성취와 유럽연합 가입은 이곳 러시아인들이 겪어야 했던 여러 어려움을 상쇄하며 이들을 에스토니아 시민으로 남게 했다. 이러한 상황에서 이들은 정체성의 변화를 경험하게 됐다. 에스토니아의 러시아인들은 가정 내 의사소통 언어로서의 러시아어를 유지하고, 가족과 러시아 언론 등을 통해 러시아에 대한 정보와 지식은 습득하고 있지만, 에스토니아와 러시아를 각각 ‘조국’과 ‘역사적 조국’으로 분리하고 있으며, 러시아 본토의 러시아인과도 자신을 구분한다. 이들은 모국의 동포와는 다른 ‘러시아계 유럽인’(Euro-Russians) 또는 ‘유럽계 러시아인’(Russian Europeans)으로 자신을 정의하고 있다. 이들은 유럽과 러시아를 분명히 나누고 오래전부터 러시아인들이 선망해왔던 유럽 쪽에 자신을 배치하며 유럽인과 자신을 동일시한다. 여기서 흥미로운 것은 ‘러시아계 에스토니아인’(Russian-Estonians)이 아닌, ‘러시아계 유럽인’이라고 자신을 정의한다는 것이다. 이는 자신을 러시아의 러시아인보다 우월한 존재임을 상정하고, 동시에 에스토니아 시민으로서의 동일시보다는, ‘유럽(인)’과의 동일시를 선호하는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.
Abstract
Following its independence from the Soviet Union, the Estonian government embarked on a concerted effort to rejuvenate the national language and culture, which had endured suppression during the Soviet era. This commitment found direct manifestation in governmental policies, representing an imperative choice for Estonia in the restoration of its sovereignty. The emphasis on the expansion of Estonian language and its education served as a means to redress the national grievances incurred during the preceding period. On the other hand, non-Estonian communities, notably Russians, encountered challenges in obtaining citizenship, faced limitations on political suffrage, and experienced social alienation linked to linguistic factors. Nonetheless, Estonia's economic accomplishments and accession to the European Union mitigated the adversities faced by the Russian population, facilitating their retention of Estonian citizenship. In these circumstances, individuals within this community underwent shifts in identity, with some even constructing entirely new identities. Russians residing in Estonia persist in utilizing the Russian language for communication within their family and preserving knowledge of Russian culture through familial and media channels. However, they draws a conceptual distinction between Estonia and Russia, designating them as their 'homeland' and 'historical homeland,' respectively. This demarcation also extends to Russians residing in mainland Russia. Notably, they self-identify as 'Euro-Russians,' thereby differentiating themselves from their counterparts. This self-definition involves positioning themselves on the side of Europe, aligning with a region that Russians have historically admired, and asserting an identity congruent with European values. Notably intriguing is their self-identification as 'Euro-Russians' or ‘Russian Europeans’ rather than 'Russian-Estonians.' This choice suggests a perceived superiority vis-à-vis Russians in Russia while concurrently expressing a preference for identification as 'Europeans' over national identity of Estonians.
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