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정당방위 상황에서 행위정당성을 어떻게 판단할까?: 가해자 공격의도 유무와 피해자 공격의도에 대한 인식의 매개관계

When do self-defence acts look justifiable?: the mediating role of perceived victim’s intents to harm depending on offender’s intents to harm

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일반인의 정당방위 판단이 법관의 정당방위 판결과 괴리감을 보인다는 점이 지속적으로 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 그 이유에 주목하여, 일반인이 판단하는 정당방위와 관련된 심리적 메커니즘을 알아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 일반인이 정당방위 상황에서 가해자의 공격의도 여부에 따라 피해자의 공격의도를 다르게 인식하고, 이것이 피해자의 행위정당성 판단에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측하였다. 만 19세 이상의 성인 참가자 86명은 정당방위 상황에서 가해자의 공격의도(유/무)가 조작된 2가지 시나리오 중 하나에 할당되었다. 이후 피해자의 공격의도를 어느 정도로 지각하는지와 피해자의 행위정당성 판단에 대한 측정이 이루어졌다. 자료 분석 결과, 가해자의 공격의도 유무에 따라 피해자의 공격의도 및 피해자의 행위정당성을 다르게 인식하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가해자의 공격의도 유무가 피해자의 행위정당성 판단을 예측하는 데 있어서 피해자의 공격의도 인식이 부분매개하는 것을 확인하였다. 구체적으로, 가해자의 공격의도가 있을 때는 피해자의 공격의도를 낮게 인식하고 이는 피해자의 행위정당성이 높다는 판단으로 이어진 반면, 가해자의 공격의도가 없을 땐 피해자의 공격의도를 높게 인식하고 이는 피해자의 행위정당성이 낮다는 판단으로 이어졌다. 본 연구는 현재 정당방위 판결과 국민의 법 감정 사이에 괴리감이 존재한다는 점을 다시금 확인하고, 이 기저에 특정한 심리적 기제가 작용하고 있을 가능성을 제시하였다는 점에 의의가 있다. 다시 말해, 정당방위 상황에서 피해자의 행위정당성을 판단하는 데 가해자 공격의도의 유무와 피해자 공격의도에 대한 인식의 영향력이 확인되었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 제한점 및 후속 연구 방향에 대하여 논의하였다.

Abstract

The Korean law describes that the legal judgment of self-defence should accord with the victim’s intent to harm the offender, which could be a major cause of distrust toward the legal system. This may due to how lay people rely on the information regarding offenders’ intent to harm victims for self-defence judgements. The current study investigated the psychological mechanisms underlying perceived justifiability of a victim’s self-defence acts, specifically focusing on the role of victim’s intent to harm the offender in regards to offender’s intent to harm the victim. Eighty-six participants read a scenario varying with offender’s intent to harm (i.e., intent to harm included or no intent to harm) and made judgments of justifiability and perceived self-defence on the victim’s act. The results showed that the inclusion of offender’s intent to harm influenced perceived victim’s intent to harm as well as justifiability of victim’s action. When the offender had the intent to harm the victim, the victim was perceived to have lower intent to harm the offender and victim’s actions were seemed more justifiable and more self-defending. Furthermore, the perceived victim’s intent to harm played a (partial) mediating role on the justifiability of the victim’s act depending on the inclusion of offender’s intent to harm. The findings suggested the implications for understanding the potential cause of the conflict between the legal system and lay people’s judgements regarding self-defence cases.

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