기후변화에 대비한 중국의 탄소배출가스 저감을 위한 에너지 정책연구
The Implementation of China’s mitigating greenhouse gas emissions of energy policies and strategies for climate change
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현재 중국은 석유 수입에 크게 의존하고 있다. 세계 에너지 수급환경이 변화하고 각국의 무역 보호주의가 확대되는 가운데 기후변화 및 환경보호 문제에 대한 높아진 관심으로 중국의 에너지 안보는 새로운 도전에 직면해 있다. 지구 온난화와 대기오염이 심각해짐에 따라 중국은 저탄소 및 청정 에너지 활용에 점점 더 많은 관심을 기울이기 시작했다. 저탄소 경제 배경하에 중국은 필연적으로 석탄의 생산과 사용을 통제해야 한다. 석탄을 효과적으로 대체하기 위해서는 신재생에너지와 석유 및 가스의 사용을 늘려야 한다. 중국은 신재생에너지의 낮은 기반과 제한된 성장으로 인해 단기 및 중기적으로 더 많은 석유와 가스의 수입에 의존할 수밖에 없다. 이에 따라 석유 및 가스에 대한 의존도가 높아지면서 중국의 탄소중립 목표에 악영향을 미친다. 중국은 급속한 경제 성장과 신재생에너지의 급속한 발전에 따라 세계에서의 에너지 공급 및 소비 모두 증가하고 있지만, 공급 증가율이 소비 증가율보다 낮아 에너지 수급격차는 더욱 커지고 있다. 따라서 중국정부의 가장 큰 과제는 에너지 공급을 다원화하고 수급 균형을 안전하게 유지하는 것이다. 중국 정부는 미래 30년 중국의 에너지 발전전략과 정책이념을 구체화했다. 백서에서 중국은 지속적이고 건전한 사회 발전을 위한 신재생에너지 개발에 적극 나섬으로써 세계 기후변화 대응과 에너지 안보 및 세계 경제 성장에 기여할 것이라고 강조했다. 특별히 주목되는 부분은 에너지산업 대외개방 확대와 에너지 정책강화이다. 14차 5개년 계획이 시작하는 2021년부터 에너지 정책강화를 추진하겠다며 중국 정부가 에너지 정책의 기본법이 될 '에너지법안'에 이를 명기할 것이라고 밝혔다. 중국은 급격한 경제발전으로 에너지 공급이 부족한 상황이다. 환경보호 및 에너지 소비측면에서 보면 2019년 기준 글로벌 탄소배출 1위 국가는 중국(28.8%), 이다. 중국의 에너지 수요는 미국과 같은 선진국보다 빠르게 증가하여 에너지 안보 문제가 악화되고 있다. 시진핑 주석은 "2060년까지 이산화탄소 순 배출량을 제로(0)로 만들겠다"고 탄소중립 국가 실현을 선언하였다. 이는 에너지 정책 개혁, 친환경 소비확대(전기차/스마트 도시 추진 등), 오염산업 퇴출 등과 같은 산업구조조정을 예고하고 있다. 따라서 중국 미래산업의 중요한 축 하나는 에너지 구조 변경과 그에 따른 ‘친환경+산업’융합이다. 중국의 에너지 정책은 새로운 변화가 일어날 것으로 보인다. 기후변화 및 환경보호와 같은 문제로 인해 중국의 에너지 정책에 대한 새로운 요구가 제기되고 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 중국의 기후변화 대비 관련 법제를 소개·분석하여 기후변화 관련 정책과 관련한 우리의 정부정책 담당자에게 유용한 정책적 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
This article focuses on the concept of energy policies in assessing whether, and how, the priorities related to climate change are gradually changing. After analysing climate change's impact on China, conducted via an analysis of the study's available literature and through the support of international data, this article mainly focuses on the China's efforts to transition towards a low-carbon economy. This article in turn, addresses the relationship between energy policies and climate change. The results presented in the conclusion insist that, in order to strengthen environmental protection in China, it is crucial to reform the highly inefficient and strictly regulated national energy market. In doing so, China's transition to a low-carbon society and economy could prove less painful, as China's available resources offer the potential for a strengthened ecological dimension and sustained socio-economic development. I suggests some options for addressing these issues. Gaining a better understanding of these issues provides a window into the prospects of legally binding emissions commitments by China. More importantly for those engaged in practical and constructive efforts to engage China on climate change. Institutional concerns about China's implementation of any future GHG emission limits also suggest an important area of activity for the U.S. and other industrialized nations. In addition to negotiating with central government and foreign affairs officials about the need of China to take on formal GHG emission limits, governments should also engage China directly in the regulatory implementation of any commitments or voluntary initiatives to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Such efforts will be difficult and require patience and persistence. But they are likely to have much greater substantive effects and will be more important than international agreements setting numerical emission targets. I review the status of China's energy policies regulation, strategies and policies to address climate change, as well as to mitigate carbon emissions. This article turn to the Climate Plan's shortcomings with respect to environmental sustainability and effectiveness. I suggests some options for addressing these issues. Gaining a better understanding of these issues provides a window into the prospects of legally binding emissions commitments by China. National energy policies, parallel with the ultimate goal of emissions reductions, is of utmost priority for the Chinese government. In order to comply with the requirements set by the Kyoto Protocol, the Chinese government announced, on 25 November 2009, that 2020's CO2 emissions would be reduced by 40-45 per cent in accordance with the data collected from 2005. Said goal was met three years ahead of schedule. Even in light of such an accomplishment, however, commentators suggest that the overall nationally determined contributions (NDCs) made by the Parties belonging to the Paris agreement are not enough to reduce global warming.
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