『이선 프롬』: 침범이론의 ‘미국적’ 변형의 서사
Ethan Frome: The ‘Americanized’ Narrative of the Invasion Theory
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이 논문은 19세기 유럽 의학의 업적인 미생물 발견과 함께 발전된 ‘세균이론’(germ theory)이 어떻게 ‘침범’의 공포를 야기하는지, 그리고 어떻게 ‘침범’의 공포가 미국의 반-이민(Anti-immigration) 정서와 공모해 동시대 제국주의적 정치 이념을 완수하게 되는지를 밝힌다. 의학과 정치가 연루되는 과정을 살피기 위해 우선 유럽에서 시작된 ‘세균이론’의 정치적 특징을 구분하고, 이 ‘세균이론’이 미국에 도입되면서 어떻게 ‘미국적’으로 변형되는지를 규명할 것이다. 세균이론 혹은 침범이론으로 『이선 프롬』을 독해할 때, 『이선 프롬』(Ethan Frome)에 드러난 이디스 워튼(Edith Wharton)의 제국주의적 시선을 밝힌 엘리자베스 애먼스(Elizabeth Ammons)의 분석은 유용하다. 그러나 애먼스는 주인공의 내적 갈등과 선택에 주목하지 않음으로써 거기에 작동하는 ‘미국적’ 침범이론의 특징을 놓치고 있다. 이 논문은 바로 그러한 ‘미국적’ 특징을 살펴보는데 의의가 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the manner in which Edith Wharton’s Ethan Frome conveys contemporary, (culturally) imperialistic ideology. Especially by focusing on the difference between the European germ (or invasion) theory and the ‘Americanized’ invasion theory, this paper elucidates how the American 20th century fiction represents contemporary ‘fear’ of the immigration of non-whites, that generated anti-immigration public sentiment in early 20th century America. Also, this study investigates how racial or gendered biases contribute to attributing all (societal or individual) evils or illnesses to minorities such as (non-Nordic or non-white) immigrants, including women. Wharton’s Ethan Frome isn’t short of reflecting cultural imperialism.
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