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보츠와나 추장제(chieftaincy)의 쇠퇴와 재구조화

The Decline and Restructuring of Chieftaincy in Botswana

설병수
비교문화연구소 (Center for Cross Culture Studies)|2019.03|비교문화연구 (Cross-Cultural Studies)|제54권 |pp. 251-282|DOI 10.21049/ccs.2019.54..251

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참고문헌

키워드

decline보츠와나Botswanarestructuring재구조화쇠퇴chieftaincy추장제
주제분류문학

초록

본 연구의 목적은 보츠와나의 추장제가 역사적 과정에서 어떤 식으로 쇠퇴하고 재구조화되어 왔는지를 검토하는 데 있다. 츠와나 전통 사회에서 추장들은 상징적 존재이자 실제적 존재로서 막강한 권위와 권력을 행사했다. 하지만 영국 식민지 시대 동안 전통적 지도자들은 계속해서 권력을 상실하면서, 식민지 정부의 대리인 또는 앞잡이로 전락했다. ‘근대성’을 강조한 식민지 당국은 전통적 통치자들과 거리를 두면서 신흥 엘리트 집단을 지지했다. 그 결과 신흥 엘리트는 독립 이후의 국가에서 핵심 세력이 될 수 있는 발판을 마련할 수 있었다. 독립 이후 정치 제도의 민주화가 진행되면서 추장의 세습적 통치는 정당성을 점점 상실하고 있다. 정부는 각종 법령을 제정하여 추장들의 권력과 권한을 계속 약화했다. 추장들에 대한 근대 엘리트의 부정적 인식도 사라지지 않았다. 이런 일련의 상황으로 인해 추장들의 입지는 더욱더 좁아지고 있다. 그럼에도 추장들은 농업, 교육, 보건 관련 각종 지역 개발 사업에서 중추적 역할을 하고 있다. 또한 추장들은 지역 정치뿐만 아니라 중앙 정치의 중요한 자원으로 활용된다. 추장제는 사회ㆍ정치적 변화 속에서 존속하기 위해 재구조화가 필요하며, 실제로 재구조화되고 있다. 지역민의 광범한 지지 및 추장제의 탄력성과 적응성은 이 제도가 재구조화되는 데 원동력이다.

Abstract

This study is initiated to examine how the chieftaincy institution in Botswana has been declined and restructured in the historical process throughout the past years. In the traditional Tswana society, the highly respected and revered chiefs wielded mighty authority and power as symbolic and real beings to the people they governed. During the British colonial period, however, traditional leaders continuously lost their power and were downgraded to becoming or acting as the degraded agents or tools of the colonial government. The colonial authorities, which emphasized modernity, supported the emerging elite group, standing apart from traditional rulers and encouraged the people to lose respect for the power of the chiefs as well. As a result, the new elites could anchor to become key forces in post-independence Botswana. With the democratization of political systems since independence, the hereditary rule of chiefs has increasingly lost its legitimacy among the people of that region. The Botswana government has continually weakened their power and authority through diverse laws aimed at negating the rule of the chiefs. There is also no doubt that the negative recognition of the modern elites on the chiefs did not appear. In regard to a series of these types of situations, the stance of chiefs is becoming more narrowed today. Notwithstanding, the chiefs are playing a pivotal role in varied local development projects related to agriculture, education and health, bolstering the faith in the chiefs to help the plight of the people today. Besides, the chiefs are being utilized as an important source in both local and central politics. Chieftaincy is needed to be reconstructed in order to survive in socioeconomic change, and is actually being reconstructed in modern times. It is clearly verified that both the broad support of the local people, and its resilience and adaptability have been a prime mover in the process of its restructuring.

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