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해체 위기에 처한 보츠와나 산(San)족 사회:종족 역학과 개발 정책의 영향

San Society in Botswana Facing with the Crisis of Dissolution: The Influence of Ethnic Dynamics and Development Policy

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한국아프리카학회 (Korean Association Of African Studies)|2018.12|한국아프리카 학회지 (Journal of the Korean Association of African Studies)|제55권 제1호|pp. 131-170|DOI 10.35751/af.2018.55..005

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참고문헌

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dissolution해체보츠와나Botswana산족종족 역학오지개발프로그램(RADP)the Sanethnic dynamicsRemote Area Development Programme (RADP)
주제분류학제간연구

초록

본 연구의 목적은 보츠와나의 종족 역학과 오지개발프로그램(RADP)이 산족 사회의 해체에 어떤 영향을 미쳐 왔는지를 검토하는 데 있다. 산족은 보츠와나의 최초 원주민이다. 이들은 19세기 후반 츠와나족이 지배 종족으로군림하게 되면서 억압과 착취의 역사를 경험하기 시작했다. 영국 식민지 시대 동안 츠와나족과 식민지 정부의 이중 지배로 산족의 삶은 더욱 피폐해졌다. 보츠와나가 독립했을 무렵 산족 인구 중 4분의 3가량은 이미 주류 사회에 흡수되어 있었다. 오늘날까지 보츠와나 사회의 불평등한 종족 구조는 전혀 개선되지 않고 있다. 산족은 사회·경제 체계의 밑바닥에 편입되어 주변적인 존재로 살아가고 있다. 게다가 1974년부터 시작된 오지개발프로그램은 중앙칼라하리 동물보호구역에 있던 산족마저 파멸로 이끌었다. 보호구역에 남아 있는 소수의 산족은 사회 서비스에 접근하거나 생계를 이어가는 데 많은어려움을 겪고 있다. 강제 이주를 당한 산족은 전통적 생활방식을 완전히 상실했다. 이들은 각종 사회악과 현대 질병에 시달리면서 생존을 위협받고 있다. 산족의 관점에서 볼 때 이 프로그램은 ‘개발’이라는 미명 하에 진행된‘소수 종족 말살 정책’에 불과할 뿐이다. 보츠와나의 산족 사회는 ‘해체 위기’ 에 직면해 있다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine how ethnic dynamics and the Remote Area Development Programme (RADP) in Botswana have influenced on the dissolution of San society. The San are the first natives of Botswana. They began to experience the history of the oppression and exploitation in the late 19th century when the Tswana became the dominant ethnic group. During the British colonial period, the San’s lives became more impoverished because of the dual rule by the Tswana and the colonial government. At the time of Botswana’s independence, approximately three-quarters of the San population were already absorbed into the mainstream society. Until today, the unequal ethnic structure in Botswana has been not ameliorated at all. The san are living as the marginal people, by being incorporated into the bottom of the socioeconomic system of Botswana. More worse, the RADP launched in 1974 has led even the San in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve to destruction. A small number of San remaining in the Reserve are suffering from many difficulties in gaining access to their social services or livelihoods. The San, who were forcibly evicted from the Reserve, have totally lost their traditional ways of life. Diverse social ills and modern diseases are seriously threatening their survival. From the San’s perspectives, the Programme is nothing but a policy to exterminate minorities, which has been conducted in the name of development. There is no doubt that San society in Botswana is faced with the crisis of dissolution.

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