도시적인 것, 그리고 인권?: ‘도시에 대한 권리’ 논의에 대한 비판적 개입
Urbanity and Human Rights? : A critical intervention into the debate on the rights to the city
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이 글은 최근 들어 국내에서도 활발하게 논의되고 있는 ‘도시에 대한 권리’(right to the city) 에 관한 ‘우호적’ 비판을 목적으로 한다. ‘도시에 대한 권리’는 프랑스의 사회학자/철학자인 앙리 르페브르 (Henry Lefebvre)가 제시한 개념이다. 그에 따르면 도시화의 부정적 모습에도 불구하고 도시는 창의적 상상과 진보의 공간이기도 하다. 도시는 밀접한 사회적 관계와 다양한 정체성이 결합될 수 있는 공간이기 때문이다. 르페브르가 주장하는 도시에서의 정체성과 다양성은 시장주의에 의해서 유포되고 있는 이기적이고 경쟁적인 행위자들의 양산을 의미하는 것이 아니다. 도시에서 역동적이고 다양성을 존중하는 사회적 유대가 창조될 수 있다고 주장하는 것이다. 하지만 르페브르의 주장이 가지는 급진적 사회비판을 살려내기 위해서는 ‘도시’와 ‘권리’라는 추상적 담론 안에 그의 사상을 가두지 않아야 한다는 것이 이글의 핵심 주장이다. 르페브르의 주장은 ‘도시’에 국한되지 않는 자본주의적 모순이 드러나는 공간적 형식으로서의 도시공간으로 이해되어야 한다는 것이다. 도시 문제는 ‘도시성’으로 이해될 수 없으며 생산, 재생산, 소비 그리고 정치가 도시라는 공간을 통해 드러나는 구체적인 경험에 주목해야 한다는 것이다. 권리개념에 대해서도 같은 맥락의 비판을 제기할 수 있다. 권리담론의 기초가 되는, 역사에서 수 없이 나타났던 사회운동 중 대부분은 ‘권리’라는 추상적 ‘자격’을 위해 싸우지 않았으며, 삶 속에서 드러난 욕구와 필요가 억압적 체제와 부딪힐 대 생겨난 저항들이었다. 권리는 이렇듯 역동적인 힘이 더 이상 ‘봉기’의 힘으로 작동하지 못하도록 체제 안의 ‘구성’의 힘으로 치환하는 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 주어진 체제 안에서 허용된 ‘어떤’것을 주장(claim)할 수 있는 자격일 뿐인 것이다. 결국 권리의 체제가 허용하는 저항은 주어진 ‘권리’의 해석과 적용을 둘러싼 절차에 한정될 뿐이다. 이 글에서는 이러한 한계들을 논하고 이것을 극복하기 위해 필요(needs) 개념에 근거한 새로운 이론적 패러다임을 제시한다.
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to provide a friendly but critical comment on the debate on the rights to the city, which has recently been an important topic in this country. The rights to the city was suggested by Henri Lefeˋbvre who was a French sociologist/philosopher. According to him, in spite of the negative impacts of urbanization, the cities have been spaces for creative imaginations and progressive movements, because the cities have been spaces within which diverse identities could interact and be intimately linked. Here the city that Lefeˋbvre think of is not the one which imposes egoistic and competitive logic on its citizens. He argues that, in the city, there is possibility of the social bonds through which citizens could accept diversity and dynamics of social relations. However, this paper would argue that, in order to develop the radical side of Lefeˋbvre’s thought, we should try not to confine it within the narrow and abstract discourse of the urban and the rights. In Lefeˋbvre’s argument, the urban should be understood as the space in which capitalist contradictions that cannot be confined to the urban are expressed. The urban questions cannot be understood as urbanity but as concrete experiences of production, reproduction,consumption and politics in the urban space. The concept of the (human) rights could be criticized in a similar context. Historic social movements that had been the practical ground for the discourse of rights have never struggled for abstract eligibility called right, but fought against repressive regimes that had suppressed people’s needs and wants. In this sense, the rights might have played a role of displacing the moment of upheaval with the moment of constitution within institutional order. At best, the discourse of the rights is the rights to claim something within the existing order allowed by the dominant power. Eventually, the resistance that the regime allows cannot but be confined to the procedural disputes about how to interpret and apply the rights. This paper will explore these limits and defects of the discourse of the rights, and then would try to suggest an alternative discourse for advocating social struggles and developing critical discourse of capitalism: the discourse of needs. It could be linked to the key ideas from Lefeˋbvre.
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