무형문화유산과 사회 젠더 구조: 일본 장식 수레 축제의 젠더 역할 변화와 젠더 제약에 관한 인터뷰 연구
Intangible cultural heritage and societal gender structures: An interview study focusing on changes in gender roles and gender restrictions in Japanese float festivals
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초록
문화유산과 젠더는 밀접하게 연결되어 있다. 이러한 연결은 특히무형문화유산 분야에서 명료하게 드러나는데, 많은 전통 관행들이참여와 접근에 있어서 젠더특징적한쪽 성에 치우치는 규칙을가지고이 있기 때문이다. 그러나 전통적인관행전통 관행에서 젠더는잠재적으로 논쟁의 여지가 있는 소재이기 때문에, 이 주제에 대한연구는 여전히 부족하다. 본 논문은 젠더 제약의 변화가 발생한 7 개의 장식 수레 축제의를 선정과, 이와 관련하여된 보존 협회와수행한 인터뷰 연구 결과를 제시한다. 인터뷰 대상자들은 젠더제약에서 일어난 변화와 지역사회에서의 논의에 대해 질문을 받았다. 그 결과는 축제 간 젠더 구조 측면에서의 유사점과, 젠더 제한적참여에 대한 태도의 차이점을 보여준다. 이 연구는 과거 남성전용이었던 역할들에 여성 참여가 가능해졌지만, 여성들이 접근할 수있는 역할에는 한계가 있으며, 고위직은 여전히 남성의 영역이라는것을 밝혔다. 축제 내의 조직 구조는 더 넓은 사회 구조의 반영으로볼 수 있으며, 더 높아진 포용력을 향한 변화가 일어났지만, 근본적인권력 구조는 유지되고 있다. 이와 같이, 연구 결과는 사회 구조와유산 관행 사이의 연관성을 강조하고 전통적인 관행전통 관행의현대성을 강조한다.
Abstract
Cultural heritage and gender are connected. This connection is arguably particularly articulated within the field of intangible cultural heritage, seeing as many traditional practices have gender-specific rules regarding participation and access. Because gender within traditional practices is a potentially contentious topic, however, research on this subject remains scarce. This paper presents the results of an interview study conducted with preservation associations connected to a selection of seven float festivals where changes in the gender restrictions have occurred. The interviewees were asked about the changes that had occurred in the gender restrictions and about discussions in the local communities. The results reveal similarities in terms of gender structure between the festivals and differences in terms of displayed attitude towards gender-restricted participation. The study finds that, while roles that were previously male-exclusive have opened up for female participation, there is a limit to the roles made accessible to women, and the top positions continue to be male domains. The organizational structures within the festivals can be seen as reflections of wider societal structures and, while changes have happened in the direction of increased inclusion, the underlying power structures have remained intact. As such, the findings underline the connection between societal structures and heritage practices and emphasize the contemporary nature of traditional practices.
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