단극 체계와 동맹 정치
Alliance Politics under a Unipolar System
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탈냉전 시대 국제 정치 질서는 단극 체계가 지속되고 있다. 단극체계는 단극의 압도적인 힘의 우위에 대하여 도전할 수 있는 국가나 국가 연합이 존재하지 않는 체계이다. 단극 체계는 국제 관계 중에서 특히 동맹 관계에 중대한 변화를 가져왔다. 단극체계하에서 국가들은 직면한 안보 위협의 성격과 잠재적 위협의 대상을 새롭게 규정하기 때문이다. 그러나 단극 체계하에서 전개되는 동맹 정치의 새로운 성격에 대해서는 아직 일관된 합의가 형성되어 있지 않다. 단극체계 동맹 정치의 성격은 단극의 행동의 자유와 구조적 제약의 부재가 동맹 정치에 미친 영향을 분석함으로써 어느 정도 드러날 수 있다. 이 글은 단극 체계에서 구조적 속성에서 기인하는 공동의 위협이 더 이상 존재하지 않게 된 사실이 동맹의 목적, 동맹의 비용과 이득의 분담, 그리고 동맹의 결속력에 미친 영향을 분석하여 새로운 동맹 정치의 성격을 분명히 하려는 시도이다.
Abstract
The fact that major military alliances formed during the Cold War era has continued provide an important puzzle in international politics. Despite severe criticisms of neo-realist explanation of the formation and duration of alliance system as the by-product of common threats the calculation of benefits and costs of alliance relations still plays the central role for the nature of military alliance under the unipolar system after the Cold War. The unipolar system has changed previous structural threats into non-structural ones and provided great freedom of action for the unipole. All actors in the unipolar system now have to deal with non-structural threats that bear little strategic values for other alliance partners. Defense and deterrence for a country in this way becomes private goods which have been jointly provided by superpowers in a bipolar world. This article delves into the effect of non-structural threats upon alliance cohesion, the division of costs and benefits, and the goal of alliance in the unipolar world.
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