SPS협정상 사전예방원칙의 적용가능성
Applicability of the Precautionary Principle under the SPS Agreement
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현재 WTO 체제하에서 가장 중요한 현안으로 떠오르고 있는 문제들 중 하나가 자유무역을 위한 WTO 규정과 환경보호목적의 조치 간에 적절한 균형을 유지하는 것이다. 이와 관련한 논의 중, 회원국들이 환경보호목적의 사전예방적 조치를 취하는데 대한 WTO의 엄격한 제한에서 야기되는 갈등을 들 수 있다. SPS협정과 국제환경협정인 카르타헤나의정서에서의 사전예방원칙은 그 적용범위에 차이가 존재한다. 특히, 환경 목적의 적극적인 무역규제를 의도하는 의정서와 환경 목적의 무역규제를 제한하려는 SPS 협정간 사전예방원칙의 적용에서 상충이 발생한다.만일 사전예방원칙이 국제관습법화 되는 경우, 이러한 상충문제가 심각해질 수 있다. 이러한 상충문제에 대한 적절한 해결방안으로서 SPS협정에 특유한 심사기준의 확립 문제를 살펴보았다. 항소기구는 세이프가드협정 관련 사건에서 객관적 평가를 이용한 심사기준의 확립기반을 마련한 바 있으나, 절차문제에 치중하는 세이프가드협정상의 객관적 평가기준을 실체적인 부분에 초점을 맞추는 SPS협정상의 평가기준으로 활용하는 것은 불가능하다. 따라서 SPS조치를 판단하기 위한 적절한 심사기준을 별도로 마련할 필요가 있다. 이를 위한 접근방법으로 “합리적 규제자” 기준을 적용할 수 있으며, 이들 합리적 규제자가 제소된 조치에 대하여 과학적 근거가 존재한다고 결론 내린다면 패널은 이를 무시할 수 없다는 것이다. 이러한 SPS협정에서의 심사기준의 확립은 사전예방원칙과 관련된 상충과 분쟁을 해결하는데 일조할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
One of the persistent problems under the WTO is to secure an appropriate balance between trade rules and environmental protection measures. There has been particularly the tension arising from the constraints that WTO law places upon Members who wish to take a precautionary approach to environmental protection. There is a discrepancy in the scope of the application between SPS Agreement and the international environmental agreements including Cartagena Protocol. Therefore, conflicts have occured between the Protocol focusing on trade restrictions for environment and the SPS Agreement focusing on regulation of the trade restriction for environment.This paper discusses the establishment of the standard of review applicable to the SPS Agreement focusing on harmonizing the potential precautionary principle as the customary international law with the SPS provisions, and suggests the “reasonable regulator” standard as the proper one specific to the SPS Agreement. The “reasonable regulator” standard means that if a reasonable regulator might conclude that there is a scientific basis for an impugned measure, then the panel should not overturn it. This “reasonable regulator” standard at least has the basic virtue of being a standard of review in the sense that it sets a ceiling on how intrusive review should be.
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