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WTO 체제하의 무역-환경 분쟁의 조화로운 해결

Harmonized Resolutions of Trade and Environmental Conflicts under the WTO

이은섭
법무부 (Ministry of Justice)|2006.10|국제법무연구 (Journal of International Legal Affairs)|제71호|pp. 40-92

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키워드

위험평가Sustainable Development지속가능한 개발Risk Assessment다자간 환경협정동종상품Like Products무역관련 환경조치Multilateral Environmental AgreementTrade-Related Environmental Measures
주제분류법학

초록

WTO의 항소기구가 환경관련 무역제한조치에 대한 적법성을 적극적으로 인정하여 왔음에도 불구하고 현재까지의 WTO체제 내에서의 무역과 환경의 연계와 관련하여, 환경보호론자 및 자유무역론자들로부터 여전히 비판을 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 지금까지 WTO 항소기구가 이루어낸 환경관련 조치에 대한 적법성의 제고 실적과 환경론자 및 자유무역론자들의 비판을 감안하고 또한 지금까지 다자적 틀 속에서 제시되어 온 여러 가지의 효율적인 연계방안들을 고려하여, 현 시점에서 가장 현실적이고 설득력 있는 연계방안으로서 GATT 제 20조의 개정ㆍ보완과 동시에 SPS 및 TBT 협정과 유사한 수준과 내용의 무역관련 환경협정의 체결, 그리고 무역과 환경의 연계와 관련하여 심각한 다툼의 다툼의 대상이 되어온 동종상품에 대한 새로운 정의 방법을 제안하고 있다. 특히 WTO 체제의 생성과정과 출범 후에 보여준 회원국들간 및 이해관계그룹들간의 극심한 대립과 갈등의 현실 속에서도 인류의 건강과 생명에 직결되는 환경문제에 대한 효율적인 규제를 하루라도 늦출 수 없다는 시급성을 감안한다면 본 논문이 제시하는 WTO 체제 속에서 충격과 갈등을 최소화 할 수 있는 새로운 환경협정의 체결은 상당한 설득력이 있을 것으로 보인다.

Abstract

Even though the WTO Appellate Body has consistently tried to confirm its position as the environmentalist of the WTO through the positive environment-friendly interpretations of the environment-related provisions, free trade supporters including developing nations and environmentalists do not seem satisfied with those efforts and performance of the WTO. In order to address more specifically the criticism from both free trade supporters and environmentalists on how to harmonize trade and environmental measures, that is, to reduce the concerns about uncertainty and abuse argumented respectively by each side simultaneously, this article suggests that the exceptions of Article XX (b) would add the trade-related measures for environmental protection and the Agreement on Trade-Related Environmental Measures would be newly established. It is meaningful and essential that the level of trade measures and main contents of the agreement would be decided as same as those under TBT and SPS Agreements considering the harmonized approach of both agreements employed in dealing with linkage between the free trade objectives and the legitimate regulatory objectives such as human health. Considering the important and urgent problem to protect the global environment which faces the world and the practical difficulty of relating legally the multilateral environmental agreement with the WTO provisions due to particularly serious conflicts among the WTO member countries, this suggestion would be appropriate in dealing with trade and environment issue than others suggested so far.

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