본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

정책중심 대 가치중심의 선거경쟁: 정치거래이론

Policy versus Valence in Electoral Competition: Theory of Political Transation

문우진
세종연구소 (The Sejong Institute)|2005.06|국가전략 (National Strategy)|제11권 제2호|pp. 169-199

0

조회

0

다운로드

2

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

정치광고정당 활동가Political Campaign정치거래정책과 가치Political TransactionPolicy versus ValenceParty Activists
주제분류정치외교학

초록

본 논문에서는 선거경쟁이 시장거래와 유사한 정치인과 유권자간의 거래행위로 파악될 수 있다는 선거경쟁 이론을 제시한다. 즉, 선거경쟁 역시 시장거래와 마찬가지로 생산자인 정치인이 소비자인 유권자들에게 정책 또는 지역구 사업 같은 상품을 제시하고 정치광고를 통해 상품가치를 높여서 거래매체인 표를 획득하려고 한다. 이와 같은 관점을 바탕으로 본 논문은 기존 공간이론과 경험연구를 통합하는 공간 모형을 제시한다. 이 모형에서는 정치인들이 이념적 정책상품(policy product)과 비이념적 가치상품(valence product)을 제시하고 자신에 대한 정치광고를 통해 유권자의 이념투표에 영향을 미치려한다. 이 모형의 중요한 발견은 균형점(equilibrium)에서 비이념적 자원의 이점이 많은 후보자는 더 온건한 정책을 취한다는 점이다. 또한 본 논문의 모형은 (1)경쟁하는 정당 활동가들의 정책입장이 서로 상이할수록 (2) 정치인들이 이념적 자원에 더 의존할수록 선거경쟁이 정책경쟁과 근접해진다는 점을 보여준다.

Abstract

I put forth a theory of electoral competition that conceptualizes electoral competition in terms of a type of producer-consumer transaction. In this theory, like in market transactions, parties or candidates (producers) offer policy proposals and non-policy services (products) to voters (consumers) to win votes (transaction mediums) by advertising their values. Based on this theory, I offer a spatial model that brings together the spatial theory of voting and empirical voting studies. In the model, two candidates not only offer their policy products but also try to sway voters' ideological voting decisions by offering valence products. A major finding of this model is that the candidate with resource advantages adopts a more moderate policy position in equilibrium. The model also shows that electoral competition is more likely to revolve around policy issues as the activists of the two candidates diverge from each other and as the candidates become more dependent on ideological resources.

참고문헌 (78)

  1. Alan I, "and Voting Behavior in Midterm Congressional Elections Journal of Politics 47", eco(mic conditions), pp.31~43 (1985)
  2. "Incumbency, Campaign Spending, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections", pp.34~56 (1991), Incumbency
  3. Adams, James, "Multiparty Spatial Competition with Probabilistic Voting", 99, pp.259~274 (1999)
  4. Aldrich, John H, "Why Parties?:The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America" (1995), The University of Chicago Press
  5. _, "A Model of Party Constraints on Optimal Candidate Positions", pp.437~50 (1989)
  6. Ansolabehere, Stephen, "Incumbency Advantage and the Persistence of Legislative Majorities", 22(2), pp.161~178 (1997)
  7. James M. Snyder Jr, "Valence Politics and Equilibrium in Spatial Election Models", 103, pp.323~336 (2000)
  8. James M. Snyder Jr, "Candidate Positioning in U.S. House Elections", 45(1), pp.136~159 (2001)
  9. Peter H, "Spatial Strategies for Sequential Elections Probability Models of Collective Decision Making", pp.298~31 (1972)
  10. Austen-Smith,David, "Campaign Contributions and Access", 89(3), pp.566~581 (1995)
  11. Burden, Barry C, "Candidate Positioning in US Congressional Elections", 34(2), pp.211~227 (2004)
  12. Calvert, "Robustness of the Multidimensional Voting Model American Journal of Political Science 29", pp.69~95 (1985)
  13. Castle, "European Journal of Political Research 12", pp.73~88 (1984)
  14. Cotter, "Party Organizations in American Politics" (1984)
  15. Cox, Gary W., "Why Did the Incumbency Advantage in US House Elections Grow?", 40(2), pp.478~497 (1996)
  16. Matthew D. McCubbins, "The Institutional Determinants of Economic Policy Outcomes: Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy", pp.21~63 (2001), Cambridge University Press
  17. Dalton, Russell J, "Parties without Partisans" (2000), Oxford University Press
  18. Davis, "An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process", pp.426~448 (1970)
  19. Denver, David, "Challengers,Incumbents and the Impact of Constituency Campaigning in Britain", 16, pp.175~179 (1997)
  20. Dixit, Abinash, "The Determinants of Success of Special Interests in Redistributive Politics", 58, pp.1132~1155 (1996)
  21. Downs, "An Economic Theory of Democracy" (1957), Harper and Row
  22. Eaton, "The Principle of Minimum Differentiation Reconsidered Some New Developments in the Theory of Spatial Competition Review of Economic Studies 42", pp.27~49 (1975)
  23. James M, "Journal of Politics 44", (nspatial candidate characteristics and electoral competition), pp.115~30 (1982)
  24. "Probabilistic Voting and the Importance of Centrist Ideologies in Democratic Elections Journal of Politics 46", pp.459~478 (1984)
  25. Feld, "Voter Loyalty and the Benefit of the Doubt Journal of Theoretical Politics 3", pp.115~137 (1991), Incumbency Advantage
  26. Fenno, "House Members in Their Districts" (1978), Harper Collins Publishers
  27. "On the Decline of Competition in Congressional Elections", pp.166~176 (1975)
  28. Fiorina, "Congress:Keystone of the Washington Establishment" (1989), Yale University Press
  29. New Heaven, "Retrospective Voting in American National Elections" (1981), Yale University Press
  30. _, "Studies of Congressional Politics The University of Michigan Press" (1989)
  31. Gerber, Alan, "Estimating the Effect of Campaign Spending on Senate Election Outcomes Using Instrumental Variables", 92, pp.401~411 (1998)
  32. Green, "Rebuttal to Jacobson's 'New Evidence for Old Argument' American Journal of Political Science 34", kras, pp.363~72 (1990)
  33. "Salvation for the Spendthrift Incumbent American Journal of Political Science 32", pp.844~907 (1988)
  34. Groseclose, Tim, "A Model of Candidate Location When One Candidate Has a Valence Advantage", 45(4), pp.862~886 (2001)
  35. Arthur B, "Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe" (1993)
  36. Melvin J, "Models of Strategic Choice in Politics The University of Michigan", pp.49~68 (1989)
  37. Huber, John,, "Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies", 1, pp.73~111 (1995)
  38. Inglehart, "Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society" (1990), Princeton University Press
  39. Iversen, "Political Leadership and Representation in West European Democracies A Test of Three Models of Voting American Journal of Political Science 38", pp.45~74 (1994)
  40. Jacobson,Gary C, "The Effects of Campaign Spending in Congressional Elections", 72 2, pp.469~91 (1978)
  41. "The Effects of Campaign Spending in House Elections New Evidence for Old Arguments American Journal of Political Science 34", pp.334~62 (1990)
  42. "The Politics of Congressional Election" (1997), Longman.
  43. Johnston, R. J, "Where's the Difference? Decomposing the Impact of Local Election Campaigns in Great Britain", 16, pp.165~174 (1997)
  44. Katz, Richard S, "Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel? A Rejoinder", 2(4), pp.525~534 (1996)
  45. "Changing Models of Party Organization and Party Democracy The Emergence of the Cartel Party", 1(1), pp.5~28 (1995)
  46. Koole, Ruud, "Cadre, Catch-all or Cartel? A Comment on the Notion of the Cartel Party", 2(4), pp.507~523 (1996)
  47. Krehbiel, "The Incumbency Effect in Congressional Elections A Test of Two Explanations American Journal of Political Science 27", pp.140~157 (1983)
  48. Ola, "A Comparative Spatial Analysis of European Party Systems", pp.227~254 (1990)
  49. Macdonald, Stuart E, "Solving the Paradox of Nonconvergence: Valence, Position, and Direction in Democratic Politics", 17(4), pp.281~300 (1998)
  50. Matthews, "A Simple Direction Model of Electoral Competition", pp.141~156 (1979)
  51. Mayhew, "Congress:The Electoral Connection" (1974), Yale University Press
  52. Merrill, Samuel I, "A Unified Theory of Voting: Directional and Proximity Spatial Models" (1999), Cambridge University Press
  53. Moon, Woojin, "Party Activists, Campaign Resources and Candidate Position Taking in US Senate Elections, 1974-2000: Theory, Tests and Applications", 34(4), pp.611~633 (2004)
  54. "Strategic (Dis)Advantages of the Centrist Party in Position Taking: Downsian versus Political Transaction Models" (2004), Illinois
  55. Pattie, C. J.,, "Winning the Local Vote: The Effectiveness of Constituency Campaign Spending in Great Britain, 1983-1992", 89, pp.963~983 (1995)
  56. Pattie, C. J., "The Impact of Spending on Party Constituency Campaigns at Recent British General Elections", 1, pp.261~723 (1995)
  57. Poole, "and Voting in the U", pp.373~99
  58. Howard Rosenthal, "Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting" (1997), Oxford University Press
  59. "Patterns of Congressional Voting American Journal of Political Science 35", pp.228~78 (1991)
  60. "The Polarization of American Politics Journal of Politics 46", pp.1061~1071 (1984)
  61. US Presidential Elections 1968-80, "American Journal of Political Science 28", pp.282~312 (1984)
  62. Powell, "A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting Taking Account of the Political Context", pp.391~414 (1986)
  63. Rabinowitz, "A Directional Theory of Issue Voting", pp.93~121 (1989)
  64. Rabinowitz, "New Players in an Old GameParty Strategy in Multiparty Systems", pp.147~185 (1991)
  65. Sartori, "Parties and party Systems:A Framework for Analysis" (1976), Cambridge University Press
  66. Stein, Robert M.,, "Perpetuating the Pork Barrel Policy Subsystems and American Democracy." (1995), Cambridge University Press
  67. Stokes,Donald E, "Spatial Models of Party Competition", 57 2, pp.368~377 (1963)
  68. Sullivan, "Ideological Distance Between Candidates American Journal of Political Science 20", pp.439~68 (1976)
  69. _, "Electoral Choice and Popular Control of Public Policy", pp.1165~457 (1972)
  70. Warwick,Paul, "Ideological Diversity and Governmental Survival in Western European Parliamentary Democracies", 25 3, pp.332~361 (1992)
  71. Westholm, Anders, "Distance versus Direction: The Illusory Defeat of the Proximity Theory of Electoral Choice", 91, pp.865~883 (1997)
  72. The Goldwater Phenomenon, "Review of Politics 27", pp.386~413 (1965), Aaron
  73. Wilson, "The Amateur Democrat:Club Politics in Three Cities" (1962), University of Chicago Press
  74. Wittman, "A Synthesis of Alternative Theories", pp.142~157 (1983)
  75. Wright, "The Meaning of 'Party' in Congressional Roll Call Voting Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Midwest Political Science Association", illi(is) (1994)
  76. "Policy Voting in the US Senate", pp.381~398 (1989)
  77. _, "Candidates and Policy in United States Senate Elections", pp.567~588 (1986)
  78. Zaller, "The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion" (1992), Cambridge University Press

관련 논문AI추천

정치소비, 정치투자와 정책입장: 정치거래이론과 제도적 함의문우진세종연구소 · 국가전략2013 · 제19권 제1호정치양극화, 정치경쟁의 시장거래화와 정치제도: 공간분석과 함의문우진세종연구소 · 국가전략2014 · 제20권 제2호선거운동,선거자원,민주주의 선거: 공간모형 분석문우진세종연구소 · 국가전략2006 · 제12권 제2호Signaling Valence by Positive and Negative Campaigns김영세, S. David Kim한국계량경제학회 · 계량경제학보2020 · 제31권 제3호선거공약의 정치과정과 함의 : 광역자치단체장 선거를 중심으로이현출(재) 한국지방행정연구원 · 지방행정연구2005 · 제19권 제1호민주주의의 가치와 민주적 제도의 정합성:정치자금제도를 중심으로임성학한국세계지역학회 · 세계지역연구논총2006 · 제24권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)

해외주둔미군재배치계획과 한미동맹의 미래이근pp. 5-28중국의 북핵 6자회담 전략: 중재역할을 통한 영향력 강화신상진pp. 31-70국제무역체제의 탄력장치: GATT체제에서 WTO체제로의 이행과 이후 변화에 대한 연구문돈pp. 71-100미국의 신보수주의 외교이념과 민주주의: 현실주의와 도덕철학의 한 결합양식이삼성pp. 81-112북한형'기업,노동개혁: 이행의 유형과 대안이일영pp. 113-140
원문 보기