정치양극화, 정치경쟁의 시장거래화와 정치제도: 공간분석과 함의
Political Polarization, Marketization of Political Competition, and Political Institutions: A Spatial Analysis and Implications
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초록
본 논문의 목적은 양극화의 원인과 효과에 대한 이론적인 분석을 시도하고 분석결과로부터 규범적·제도적 함의를 제시하는 것이다. 이러한 작업을 위해 선거경쟁에 대한 일반이론을 제시하고 이에 입각한 공간모형을 제시한다. 이 글의 공간모형은 경제적 양극화와 정파적 계층화가 미국 의회의 비대칭적 양극화를 초래했다는 맥카티 등(McCarty et al. 2006)의 발견에 대한 이론적 근거를 제시한다. 본 논문은 후보의 유인가치(valences)에 대한 광고가 선거결과를 지배하는 선거경쟁이 시장화된 선거경쟁이라 정의한다. 공간모형 분석은 또한 정치경쟁의 시장거래화가 심화될수록 거액기부자의 입장을 더 반영하는 비대칭적 양극화가 심해진다는 결과를 도출한다. 이러한 결과에 대한 제도적 함의는 정치경쟁이 시장거래화된 국가에서는 인물투표 및 불균등한 기부를 억제하는 제도 개혁이 필요하다는 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to analyze theoretically the causes and effects of political polarization and offer normative and institutional implications. For this task, this article offers a general theory of electoral competition and a spatial model based on the theory. This model provides a theoretical based for McCarty et al.'s (2006) finding that economic polarization and partisan stratification have caused asymmetrical legislative polarization in the US. This article defines that electoral competition is marketized when advertizement of candidates' valences determines electoral outcomes. The analysis of the spatial model yields the result that policy positions of political parties are more polarized asymmetrically and are more likely to reflect positions of large contributors, as the political competition becomes more marketized. The implications of this result is that institutional reforms to discourage personal vote and unequal contribution are necessary in marketized societies.
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