세계금융위기와 미국의 국제경제책략: 지경학 시각
Global Financial Crisis and U.S International Economic Statecraft: A Geoeconomic Perspective
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초록
이 논문은 세계금융위기 이후 미국이 규칙제정자로서 국제적 리더십과 그 물질적 토대를 유지하기 위하여 다양한 지경학 책략(geoeconomic statecraft)을 구사하고 있음을 조명한다. 세계금융위기는 전후 미국 주도의 자유주의 국제경제질서의 지속가능성에 심각한 의문을 제기했다. 이에 미국은 패권 유지라는 외교적 목표 달성을 위해 무역, 금융･통화, 투자 등 경제적 수단을 동원하는 지경학 전략을 펼치고 있다. 첫째, 무역정책은 다자주의에서 소다자주의, 그리고 양자주의 및 일방주의로 이동하면서 무역제재와 WTO개혁을 추구한다. 둘째, 금융·통화정책은 상대적으로 덜 두드러지지만 환율조작에 대한 감시와 제재를 강화함으로써 경쟁국을 압박하고 있다. 셋째, 투자정책의 경우, 기존 자유주의 기조에 보호주의 색채가 조금씩 가미되고 있는데, 외국인 직접투자에 대한 심사를 엄격하게 하고 또 중국기업의 미국 주식시장 접근을 제한하려는 목소리가 의회를 중심으로 커지고 있다. 이러한 미국의 국제경제책략은 전후 국제경제질서의 자유주의 이념에 일정한 균열을 초래하고 있으며, 소득불평등 같은 지구화의 병폐를 치유하는 데 필요한 국내적·국제적 대응책을 필요로 하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper sheds light on how since the global financial crisis the United States has carried out various geoeconomic statecraft to maintain international leadership as a rule-maker. The financial crisis raised serious questions about the sustainability of the post-war liberal international economic order under U.S hegemony. In response, the U.S. tried to stop a further decline of its hegemonic status by adopting geoeconomic means such as trade, financial and monetary, and investment policies. Through a more bilateral/unilateral trade policy, the U.S drastically revised free trade agreements, aggressively enforced domestic trade rules, and hard pushed for WTO reform. Financial and monetary policies pressured the economic rivals by arguing possible changes in international monetary system and tightening sanctions on currency manipulation. Third, a more protectionist investment policy strengthened the screening of foreign direct investment and restricted Chinese companies’ access to the American stock markets. These international economic statecraft causes a significant rift in the post-war economic order and its liberal belief, suggesting that both domestic and international remedies are necessary to brighten the dark side of neo-liberal globalization.
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