군사용 무인항공기의 다자간 군비통제 필요성, 한계, 강화 방향
The Necessity, Limitation, and Strengthening Direction of Military UAV Arms Control
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전 세계적으로 군사용 무인항공기의 수평적·수직적 확산이 이루어짐에 따라 그 위험성에 대한 경고의 목소리가 높아지고 있다. 지금까지 특정 무기체계에 대한 다자간 군비통제는 비례‧구분원칙의 위반 문제와 테러의 활용 문제로 시작되었다. 이때, 무기체계 자체의 구분원칙 위반 가능성에 대해서는 운용적 군비통제가 이루어졌으며, 대량살상무기의 운반 가능성과 테러의 활용 문제에 대해서 수출통제의 형태로 군비통제가 진행되었다. 무인항공기는 대량살상무기의 운반수단으로 활용될 수 있으며, 자율무기로 활용 시 전투원과 민간인의 구분이 어렵고, 또 현재 테러에 활발하게 이용되고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 고려했을 때, 무인항공기 역시 운용적 군비통제와 수출통제의 형태로 군비통제가 진행되어야 한다. 현재 무인항공기는 MTCR에 한정적으로 적용을 받고 있으며, EU와 UN에서는 실효성 있는 군비통제를 위한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 국제사회는 관련된 한계를 극복하고 협력안보 차원에서 군사용 무인항공기로 인해 발생할 수 있는 위협에 대한 공감대를 형성하여, 보다 실효성있는 군비통제 레짐을 발전시키기 위한 논의를 지속해야 한다.
Abstract
As military UAVs are horizontally and vertically proliferating to the globe, warnings of military UAVs are becoming louder. The multilateral arms controls on the certain weapon system so far have been initiated because of the violation of the discrimination and proportionality principles as well as exploitation in terror attacks. The weapons' violation of discrimination principle has led to operational arms control while the weapons' probability of delivering WMD and exploitation in terror has brought about the export control form of arms control. UAVs as well could be utilized for transferring WMD, would hardly distinguish targets between combatants and non-combatants when they are operated autonomously, and has been being vibrantly used in terrorism today. Accordingly, military UAVs so should be controlled by the operational arms control and the export control. Currently, UAVs are already subject to the MTCR, and the EU and the UN are seeking to make substantial arms controls of UAVs. The international society ought to overcome related obstacles and form a global consensus over future threats from UAVs in terms of cooperative security so that substantial arms control regime could keep being developed.
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