미 의회 의원들의 중국 견제 법안 투표행태 분석
Determinants of the U.S. Lawmakers' Voting Behavior on Foreign Policy against China
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초록
2010년대 이후 중국이 정치･경제적으로 급성장하면서 미국의 민주당과 공화당은 초당적으로 다양한 중국 견제 정책들을 입법하였다. 특히 117대, 118대 의회에 걸쳐 안보, 신장-위구르 지역의 인권, 코로나19 책임 소재 등을 다룬 법안들이 거의 만장일치에 가까운 표결을 통해 입법되곤 하였다. 하지만 모든 중국 견제 법안들에 대해 미 의회 의원들이 만장일치로 찬성표를 던진 것은 아니다. 공화당에서는 중국 견제를 위해 많은 정부지출을 상정한 법안들에 대한 내부 분열이 이념과 계파 차원에서 나타났다. 특히 강한 보수 이념을 지닌 의원들, 극우적인 프리덤 코커스 계파에 소속된 의원들이 중국 견제 법안에 주로 반대표를 던졌다. 민주당에서는 진보 성향이 강한 의원들과 의회진보연합 계파 의원들이 중국에 대한 과도한 견제가 신냉전과 아시안계 미국인들에 대한 혐오를 야기할 수 있다고 경고하며 중국특위 설립 등의 의제에 반대 하였다. 또한, 민주당에서는 (이념과 계파 이외에도) 의원들의 정치적 특징과 지역구 특성 등의 변수들이 중국 견제 법안에 대한 투표행태에 영향을 주었다.
Abstract
Since the 2010s, China has grown rapidly politically and economically, and the US government has begun enacting various policies to check China in the 117th and 118th Congresses. As many bills to check China were passed in Congress, it has been believed that U.S. lawmakers have been actively cooperating to contain China as a concrete team. In reality, however, there are internal divisions within the Republican Party and the Democratic Party in establishing policies to check China. In the Republican Party, lawmakers with far-right ideologies or the members of the House Freedom Caucus tended to oppose using government budgets to contain China. Even in the Democratic Party, far-left lawmakers and the members of the Congressional Progressive Coalition often voted against measures that heavily contain China. However, unlike the Republican Party, some Democratic Party legislators showed opposition to the bill to contain China depending on their political identities and the political and economic characteristics of their districts.
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