편단화된 FTA체제의 통합방안 연구 - 이익과 손해 분석을 중심으로
How to Integrate Cost-Generating FTAs - Cost and Benefit Approach
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FTA는 다양한 경제적 이익을 가져다준다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 그동안의 FTA체결 추진 정책을 통해 우리는 정치투쟁 비용을 과다하게 지불해왔으며 산업 구조조정 과정 왜곡으로 인한 사회적 비용을 치루는 악순환을 겪어왔다. 더구나, 복잡하게 얽히는 FTA 특혜 원산지규정으로 인해 기업들이 느끼는 실질적인 거래비용은 점증하고 있다. 이러한 추가비용은 북미, 유럽 및 아시아 지역에서 이미 발생하고 있으며, 우리경제와 같이 전 세계로부터 원재료를 들여와 전 세계를 상대로 최종제품을 수출하고 있는 경우에는 극대화되게 된다. 우리의 FTA정책은 지속적인 FTA체결에 못지않게 그러한 과정에서 복잡다기하게 얽히는 FTA 원산지기준들을 통일하고, FTA간의 통관제도를 비롯한 각종 제도화 규정들의 상응성을 높임으로써 거래비용을 줄여나가는 노력을 병행해야 한다. 동시다발적 FTA체결로 인해 발생하는 이익은 물론 그에 수반되는 비용이 무엇인지를 이익-손해분석(cost-benefit analysis)을 통해 분명히 따져보아야 할 필요가 있는 것이다. 그러고 나서 가급적 손해를 줄일 수 있는 방안, 즉 편단화 되고 있는 FTA간의 편단성을 극복할 수 있는 통합방안을 도출해내야 한다. 우리의 장기적 FTA정책의 원칙은 FTA간의 경제적 효율성과 제도적 상응성을 제고하고, 동북아 정치·경제·안보 안정화에 기여하며, 다자주의로의 궁극적인 통합에 상응하도록, FTA를 상호 연결해나가는데 주어져야 한다. 지역적으로는 북미지역의 NAFTA와의 연결을 중단기 목표로 추진해야 하며, 이와 병행하여 아시아 지역 자체 및 EU와의 연결을 함께 추진해야 한다. 이 과정에서 북한 경제와의 경제협력도 본격화하여 FTA를 통한 연결에 대비해야 한다. 우선, 원산지 교차누적평가 제도를 연결대상 FTA간에 도입하여 상호간 원산지 규정을 통일시켜 나가고, FTA간의 세관절차의 통일, 통관의 원활화, 통관과정에서의 투명성 증대, 무역구제 및 투자 관련 규범의 통일, 분쟁해결 규범의 통일 등 주로 규범·제도화 관련 분야에서의 통일을 기해나가야 한다. 이러한 과정과 경험을 통해 궁극적으로는 새로운 복수국간 지역무역협정을 체결함으로써 FTA간의 통합을 완성해야 한다. 그렇게 되면, 편단화된 FTA에서 발생하는 각종 거래비용을 영구히 방지할 수 있고, 다자주의로의 통합이라는 궁극적 방향과도 일치하게 된다.
Abstract
Free trade agreements (FTAs) provide participating economies with many benefits. Nonetheless, Korea has paid an excessive amount of costs of political struggle and industrial adjustments in the process of concluding and implementing FTAs in the past. In addition, the spread of complicated web of FTAs and their preferential rules of origin have increased costs of doing business around the world. These costs are generated everywhere including in the North America, Europe, and Asia, and they are maximized in the case of Korean economy which heavily relies on foreign source materials and exports its final products all over the world. The long-term FTA policy of Korea must be accompanied by systemic efforts to reduce costs of FTAs and to harmonize their different rules of origin. A thorough cost and benefit analysis should be conducted to identify sources of the costs, and solutions must be found to address those sources. The Korean FTA policy must be based on the principles to raise economic efficiency of FTAs and their mutual responsiveness, to contribute to the political, economic and security stability in the Northeast Asia, and to align FTAs to an eventual integration into the multilateralism. In this regard, Korea can pursue to integrate its economy with the North American economies while seeking FTA harmonization in Asia and with the European economies. In this process, FTA integration with the North Korea can also be taken into account on a long-term basis. The first step can be to introduce the diagonal cumulation system into FTAs, which will contribute to the harmonization of preferential rules of origin. Further harmonization of customs procedures, transparency, trade remedy and investment rules, and dispute settlement procedures under FTAs will lead to an upgraded level of convergence or harmonization of FTAs. Ultimately, a new plurilateral FTA may be concluded in place of several FTAs to complete the harmonization process. This gradual approach will substantially reduce costs arising from fragmented FTAs and make regionalism paths a genuine building blocks to global free trade.
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