고령자의 심리적 안녕감 촉진을 위한 도시 포켓파크의 공간요소에 관한 연구 - 환경심리학을 중심으로 -
A Study of Spatial Elements of Urban Pocket Parks to Promote Psychological Well-Being of Eldery - Based on the theory of Environmental Psychology
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(연구 배경 및 목적) 도시화로 인하여 전 세계적으로 고령자의 인구가 증가하고 있다. 동시에 도시화로 인한 녹지 부족으로 사람들의 심리적 건강 문제가 심각해지고 있다. 특히 고령자의 경우 스트레스, 우울증 등 정신건강 문제에 더 취약하다. 도시 포켓파크는 도시 내 녹지 부족 문제를 해결할 뿐만 아니라 고령자의 정신건강을 개선할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 고령자의 심리적 안녕감을 촉진하는 도시 포켓파크의 공간적 요소를 정리하고, 이를 기준으로 도시 포켓파크가 고령자의 심리적 안녕감을 촉진하는 데 있어 보완 정도를 분석 평가하여 최적화를 제안하고자 한다. 도시 포켓파크의 고령화 발전에 적응할 수 있도록 일정한 참고 자료를 제공한다. (연구 방법) 환경심리학 이론과 고령자, 포켓파크와의 관계를 고찰하고, 문헌연구법을 이용하여 고령자의 심리적 특성에 관한 선행연구를 살펴보고, 고령자의 심리적 안녕감을 증진하는 방법을 정리하였다. 이를 포켓파크의 특성과 결합하여 고령자의 심리적 안녕감을 증진하는 도시 포켓파크의 공간적 특성을 제시하였다. 환경심리학 이론 및 관련 문헌을 바탕으로 도시 포켓파크의 상세한 공간요소를 도출하였다. 도출된 공간요소를 사용하여 선별된 사례를 분석 및 평가하였다. (결과) 본 연구는 환경심리학, 고령자의 심리적 특성, 그리고 포켓파크의 특성을 조합하여 고령자의 심리적 안녕감을 증진하는 포켓파크 공간요소를 제시하였다. 이는 교류성, 편의성, 지역문화성, 생태성, 안전성의 5가지 공간적 특성으로 구분되며, 구체적으로 14가지 요소로 구분된다. 교류성은 개방성 공간, 다양한 경험 콘텐츠의 공간, 도시문화요소의 표현, 명확한 공간 구분의 4가지 요소, 편의성은 서비스 공간, 레저 시설의 다양성의 2가지 요소, 지역 문화성은 정보 표시 요소, 개성화 공간, 지역 문화 가치 홍보의 3가지 요소이며, 생태성은 식물경관의 다양성, 먼지, 소음, 냄새 제거의 2가지 요소, 안전성은 적정한 공간 척도, 적절한 휴게시설의 배치, 식물 구성의 합리성의 3가지 요소를 포함한다. 사례 분석을 통해 중국의 대다수 도시 포켓파크는 교류성과 안전성 측면에서 발달되었지만, 편의성 측면에서는 대체로 취약한 것으로 나타났다. (결론) 후기 도시 포켓파크는 편의성에 중점을 두고 일반 시민과 고령자의 양방향 서비스를 지향할 수 있다. 본 연구는 고령자의 정신건강 문제를 효과적으로 예방 및 완화하고 고령화에 따른 사회적 안정을 유지할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 지속가능한 발전이라는 사회적 목표에 부합하는 사회적 가치를 가지며, 추후 포켓파크 연구에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
(Background and Purpose) The number of older adults is increasing in most countries owing to urbanization. Simultaneously, the lack of green spaces because of urbanization has caused psychological health problems. Particularly, older adults are more vulnerable to mental health problems such as stress and depression. Urban pocket parks can not only solve the problem of a lack of green spaces in cities but also improve older adults’ mental health. Therefore, this study aims to determine the spatial elements of urban pocket parks that promote older adults’ psychological well-being by combining environmental psychology theories that consider their psychological characteristics and analyzing them through empirical cases. This provides the necessary reference materials for urban pocket parks to prepare for the development of aging. (Method) This study examines the relationships among environmental psychology theory, older adults, and pocket parks; reviews previous studies on older adults’ psychological characteristics using a literature review; and summarizes ways to promote their psychological well-being. The spatial characteristics of urban pocket parks that promote the psychological well-being of older adults, in combination with the characteristics of pocket parks, are presented. Detailed spatial elements of urban pocket parks were derived based on environmental psychology theory and related literature. Using the derived spatial elements, selected cases were analyzed and evaluated, and optimization suggestions were presented. (Results) This study proposes spatial elements of pocket parks that promote older adults’ psychological well-being by combining environmental psychology, their psychological characteristics, and the characteristics of pocket parks. It is divided into five spatial characteristics: interactivity, convenience, local culture, ecology, and safety, which are further divided into 14 factors. Among them, interactivity includes open space, space with various experience contents, elements of urban characteristics, and clear spatial division; convenience includes service space and diversity of leisure facilities; local culture includes display elements, individualized space, and promotion of local cultural values; ecology includes diversity of vegetation, dust, noise, and odor removal; and safety includes appropriate spatial scale, appropriate arrangement of rest facilities, and rationality of plant composition. The case analysis shows that most urban pocket parks in China are very mature regarding interactivity and safety but are generally weak regarding convenience. (Conclusions) Urban pocket parks can focus on convenience and aim for interactive services for the general public and older adults. This study demonstrates that pocket parks can effectively prevent and alleviate mental health problems in older adults, maintain social stability as people age, have social value in line with the social goals of sustainable development, and can serve as a reference for future pocket park research.
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