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불안정 노동과 예술인의 겸업 행태

Precarious Work and Multiple Job-Holding Behaviors in the Artistic Labor Market

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주제분류정책학

초록

본 연구의 목적은 ‘불안정한 예술노동으로 인해 예술인이 겸업하게 되는가?’와 ‘겸업을 한다면, 불안정한 예술노동이 예술계 내보다 밖에서 일할 가능성을 키우는가?’라는 두 가지 질문에 답하는 데 있다. 본 연구는 예술인의 취약한 경제적 지위에 관한 기존 논의를 불안정 노동 관점에서 체계화하여 예술노동시장 안에서 예술인은 어떻게 대응하고 있는지를 실증 분석하였다. 이를 위해 예술인을 대상으로 3년 주기로 수행하는 「예술인실태조사」를 분석 자료로 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 불안정 노동이 겸업 여부와 그 유형에 미치는 방식이 불안정한 지위에 있는 예술인들을 예술계 밖에서 일자리를 찾게 했다. 고용 측면에서는 비정규직, 기타 지위 예술인들이 전업보다 겸업을, 겸업 중에서도 이종 겸업을 하게 된다는 분석 결과가 대표적인 예이다. 또, 계약 특성을 계약 건수, 기간, 금액으로 구분해 살펴본 결과, 예술계 내부에서의 계약 건수가 많을수록 겸업을 할 가능성이 증가하였고, 특히나 동종 겸업할 가능성을 커졌다. 한편, 계약금이 클수록 겸업의 가능성은 감소하였고, 겸업 예술인 중 예술계 내에서 맺어진 계약 기간이 긴 예술인일수록 동종 겸업의 가능성이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 불안정한 소득 역시 예술인을 예술계 밖으로 밀어내는 데 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 예술소득이 낮은 경우, 겸업의 가능성과 이종 겸업의 가능성이 모두 상대적으로 증가하였다.

Abstract

This study aims to answer two questions: “Does precarious work, in the artistic labor market, affect the probability of having multiple jobs?” and “Are multiple job holders, who experience precarious work in the artistic labor market, likely to work for non-artistic jobs rather than for artistic ones?” This study empirically analyzed how artists respond in the artistic labor market by systematizing the existing discussion on the vulnerable economic status of artists from the perspective of precarious work. For these purposes, this study used the data from the “Survey Report on Artists & Activities” in Korea from 2015 and 2018. Analysis of the data revealed that if the artistic job is a form of precarious work, it is likely that artists will hold multiple jobs and find secondary jobs outside the artistic labor market. This study measured precarious work using two categories: precarious employment and income. This led to two conclusions in terms of employment. First, non-regular and non-standard artists are more likely to hold multiple jobs. Moreover, these types of employment increase the probability of multiple job holders finding secondary jobs not related to art. Second, as a result of examining the characteristics of the contract(for employment or service) by dividing them into the number of contracts, period of contracts, and contract price, it was revealed that the higher the number of contracts within the artistic labor market, the greater the possibility of having multiple jobs. However, the higher the payment is, the lower the possibility of having multiple jobs. Furthermore, among multiple jobholders, the longer the contract period concluded in the domain of art, the higher the possibility of having jobs related to the art. Precarious income also pushes artists out of the art world. When income from art is lower, the possibility of having multiple jobs and having heterogeneous jobs as secondary jobs increases relatively.

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