박정희 정권의 가족계획사업과 문학적 대응 양상 연구-1960~70년대 남정현, 이청준, 이문구 소설을 중심으로

Abstract

This study attempts to re-interpret the novels of Nam Jung-hyun, Lee Chung-jun, and Lee Mun-ku in the 1960s and 1970s within the context of the times of family planning policy under the Park Chung Hee government. Women accepted national policies relatively easily during those years as their desire for birth control and the policy directions coincidentally matched. On the other hand, men were generally defiant, resisting the policies, and such sentiment was vividly depicted in the works of these three authors. Chapter 2 examined the process by which Foucault’s power model developed from sovereign power to disciplinary power, biopower, governmentality, and ethics of the self. The characteristic of family planning projects has changed from the traditional ruling model of modern countries to a new model as an ethics of women’s voluntary birth control and care. Due to the shift of the focus, the resistance portrayed by the male narrator in Nam Jung-hyun’s “A Letter to Father (1964)” went awry and failed to produce effect. The error of such resistance method easily turned into hatred. The writer defined family planning as “murder planning,” framing the act of birth control as the murder of descendants who will carry on the family line. It was a misogynistic epic that not the country, the policy implementer, but the female character who concretely practiced the policy ideology was murdered. Chapter 3 analyzed the patterns that male characters of Lee Chung-jun’s novel express their fear of emasculation as they perceive family planning as control and suppression of their body. The narrator of “Terrible Saturday (1966)” is a man with sexual dysfunction who feels terrified, identifying himself with a dissected laboratory frog and regards his wife with repeated artificial abortions as a murderer. In "A Night on the Town with Manhood Castrated (1977)," the writer attempted to critically describe the lives of men rendered timid and voiceless in an apartment where only those who have undergone a vasectomy are allowed to reside, losing their masculinity and failing to resist the reality. Chapter 4 tried to comprehend criticism on economic development, the basis of the family planning policy, by analyzing “Don’t Want to Give Up (1972),” published serially and remained unfinished in the Friend of Home, a publication of Family Planning Association, with “Approaching Sound (1972)” in the aspects of similarities. “Long Autumn Night (1977)” delineates a sexual difference between female and male characters about reproduction. It is also noteworthy that progressive women seeking new life through induced abortions juxtaposed against men left behind. To sum up, Nam Jung-hyun, Lee Chung-jun, and Lee Mun-ku fictionalized the family planning policy differently. However, they converge in perceiving this policy as a threat to masculine hegemony. They all expressed anxiety and fear about the fact that the process of planning and organizing a family is determined not by a traditional paradigm of patriarchy that urges carrying on the family line but by the determination and life planning of reproductive women.