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현대 체위요가의 기원과 다국적 변화

Transnational Exchange and the Genesis of Modern Postural Yoga

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초록

이 논문은 현대의 글로벌화된 세계 속에서 요가의 일차적 측면인 체위(āsana)수련의 출현을 탐구하고 있다. 현대 이전에 체위가 요가수행(sādhana)의 중요측면으로 취급된 적은 거의 없었다. 오늘날의 대중적 형태의 기원으로 주장되는 중세 하타요가 체계에서의 체위는 호흡(prānāyāma), 정화법(kriyā), 집중법(dhāraṇa)과 소리명상(nāda)에 종속된 것이었다. 1920년대와 30년대 동안에 체위요가는 비베카난다(Vivekananda)에서 시작된 현대요가 프로젝트에 동화되기 시작했다. 아마 가장 중요한 것은 스리 요겐드라(Sri Yogendra)와 스와미 쿠발라야난다(Swami Kuvalayananda)로 그들은 서구과학과 의학, 그리고 국제적 체육문화운동에 영향 받아 체위의 체계를 발전시켰다. 시간이 지난 후 체위는 현대적, 과학적 그리고 합리적인 것으로 세계인들의 눈에 비치게 되었는데, 이것은 이 두 사람과 더불어 티루말라이 크리쉬나마차리야(Tirumalai Krishnamacharya)와 같은 이들의 노력에 기인한 것이다. 체위는 서구의 치유적 체조, “영적”인 운동과 무용의 전통들과 상호교류하고 부분적으로 흡수되기도 하였지만, 하타요가 원래의 비의들과 특이한 수행법들은 많이 탈각되었다.

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