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로마제정기 그리스 세계의 파이데이아 - 제 2 소피스트론 비판을 중심으로 -

Greek paideia under the Roman empire: a critical view of the ‘Second Sophistic’ theory

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주제분류역사학

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이 글은 로마 지배하의 그리스 세계, 즉 서기 2~3세기의 발칸 본토와 소아시아의 파이데이아 (교육과 문화)를 논쟁적인 방식으로 탐구한다. 논쟁의 대상은, 1969년 바워샄이 가설로 제기한 뒤, 최근까지 일군의 학자들이 보완적 연구를 통해 유력해진 이른 바 제 2 소피스트론이다. 그들에 의하면, 로마 지배 하 그리스 세계에서는 서기 2~3세기 동안 일종의 문예부흥이 일어났으며, 그 현상의 핵심은 두 가지였다. 첫째, 고전주의, 즉 고전기 아테나이 방언으로 회귀하는 언어적 순수주의(purism)와 헬레니즘 시대 이전, 즉 그리스의 영광스런 과거를 담론의 준거로 삼는 ‘의고주의’(archaism)를 문화적 코드로 공유하는 것, 둘째, 그 코드를 통해 당대 그리스 식자층이 안과 밖의 두 타자--그리스 비식자층(하층민)과 지배자 로마--에 대해 정체성을 확립하는 것. 서기 2~3세기 동안 그리스 세계에서 생산된 많은 문헌이 그 코드로 재해석되고 있지만, 그 명백한 출발점은 바워샄이 처음 그 가치를 주목한 서기 3세기의 수사학자 필로스트라투스가 쓴 『소피스트들의 전기』였다. 이 글은 제 2 소피스트론에 대해 다음과 같은 대안적 설명을 제시한다. 첫째, 필로스트라투스의 『소피스트들의 전기』는 서기 2~3세기 그리스 세계의 소피스트들에 대한 체계적이고 포괄적인 정보를 제공하지 않는다. 아울러 제 2 소피스트론이 주장하는 언어적 순수주의와 소재적 의고주의는 필로스트라투스의 전기와 큰 거리가 있다. 둘째, 서기 2~3세기 그리스 세계의 문화지형은 제 2 소피스트론이 내세우는 것처럼 ‘아테나이류’가 풍미한 것이 아니라, 한층 복합적인 것이었다. 로마지배 하 그리스 세계에서는, 헬레니즘 시대를 풍미한--그래서 공화정 말에 로마에까지 파급된--수사학의 경향 (로마인은 이를 가리켜 아시아류라 불렀다)과 기원전 1세기부터 그 대안으로 제시된, 고전기 아테나이를 모델로 삼는 신조류 외에, 웅변술보다 철학을 교육의 중심으로 삼아야 한다는 교육론 등이 공존하고 있었다. 서기 2~3세기 그리스 세계의 소피스트들은 고전문화의 부흥이라는 협소한 시각이 아니라, 이처럼 복잡한 지형 속에서 더 적절하게 이해될 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper attempts to understand what the Greek paideia (education and culture) was like in the eastern Roman provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries. It does this in a very polemical way, raising questions and opposing assumptions against the currently prevalent theory of the 'Second Sophistic', one that has grown into a huge academic 'industry' since its first proposition by G. Bowersock in 1969. According to the theory, there occurred a sort of 'renaissance' in the areas at issue, of which the cardinal aspects were two: ⑴ a classicism that consists of two interwoven trends, namely linguistic 'purism' with the Attic of the classical age (5th to 4th centuries B.C.) as the uppermost standard as well as the archaism of confining the material of discourses only to the glorious past (before the Hellenistic age); ⑵ the classicism constituted a cultural code among the Greek elite of identifying themselves in opposition to the two 'others', that is the lower classes lacking paideia within Greek society, and the Romans domineering over them from without. And the most indispensible evidence for this theory is Lives of Sophists written by Philostratus, a 3rd century Greek sophist, though Greek literature of the period concerned has been abundantly reinterpreted in terms of the theory. Though P. Brunt raised a dissenting voice two decades ago in view of the alarmingly gathering influence of the theory, he has remained so far 'a lonely far cry in the wilderness'. The author of this paper, having judged him to be on the right track in principle, attempts here to reinforce his criticism with different arguments. Firstly, Philostratus' biography does not corroborate the basic assumption of the 'Second Sophistic' theory well. Based upon the meticulous analysis of the biographical data (birth, education and career) of about 40 odd persons recorded in the Lives, the author came to doubt its value as a reliable source upon which to base a wholesome picture of the leading sophists during the period at issue. On the contrary he gets an uneasy scent of sectarianism in the relationship among them, where Herodes Atticus of Athens and his teacher Polemo of Smyrna loom large as key figures, while the biographer himself poses as belonging to the last generation. Secondly, nowhere in the biography are the alleged trends of linguistic and rhetorical revival of classic Atticism manifest. The truth about it is that the classicism is a modern artifice conjured up from the bits and pieces strewn about in all sorts of literature from the period. In the final chapter, the author suggests an alternative picture, and it is a far more complex one compared to the simple, Atticism-centered paideia that the 'Second Sophistic' theory assumes. Two sorts of evidence are examined: ⑴ essays on paideia by contemporary Greek writers such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Plutarch; ⑵ debate on rhetorical styles among the contemporary Latin orators and writers, between so-called Asianism and Atticism. As the author finds out so far, ⑵ was a forming factor as well as a mirror effect of the contemporary topography of the Greek world of paideia. At least three different rivalling types of education co-existed in the period: the older rhetorical style, called Asianism among the Romans, a more recently emerging one self-styled as Atticism as well as the invariable exhortation of some writers such as Plutarch that philosophy rather than rhetoric should take the primacy in the upbringing of children (paides). Greek paideia during the 2nd and 3rd centuries under the Roman empire may be better understood against this complex picture than in the context of the simplified one of the 'Second Sophistic'.

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