기원전 천년기 바빌로니아지역의 절도
The theft in Babylonia during the first millennium B. C.
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이 논문의 목표는 기원전 천년기의 바빌로니아지역의 문서들을 통해서 당시의 절도의 개념이 어떠했는지, 절도에 대한 처벌은 어떠한 방식으로 이루어졌는지 그리고 절도와 유사한 개념을 가진 범죄들은 어떠한 것들이 있었는지를 알아봄으로서 당시의 절도의 개념이 고대 바빌론 시기의 절도의 인식과 유사함을 밝히는 것이다. 천년기의 바빌로니아 문서가 증거 하는 절도는 타인의 물건을 소유주의 의사와 반대하여 가지고 가는 행위를 의미했다. 폭력을 수반한 절도 행위인 강도질은 일반 절도와는 다르게 취급되었다. 하지만 현대에 특수절도로 취급되는 다수가 저지르는 절도행위는 당시에는 가중처벌의 요인이 아니었다. 당시 절도의 처벌에 있어서 특징적인 점은 절도물이 누구에게 속하여 있느냐를 중심으로 그 처벌이 달라졌다는 점이다. 절도물이 개인의 물건의 경우에는 다양한 방식으로 처벌이 되었다. 이는 개인절도가 개인 간의 일로서 협의가 중요하게 작용을 했기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 하지만 개인의 물건이라고 하더라도 고위관리의 편지 같은 정치적 의미가 있는 물건이 절취의 대상이 되는 경우에는 절도범은 왕의 처벌을 받았다. 사원의 물건의 절도의 경우에는 예외 없이 30배를 배상해야 하는 금전 형이 주어졌다. 왕의 물건의 절도의 경우는 사형에 처해졌다. 신전의 물건 중 성스럽다고 여겨진 물건의 절도는 화형에 처해졌다. 이러한 절취물 소유주에 따른 차등적 처벌은 당시 사회가 사원과 왕을 중심으로 권력 구조가 이루어졌음을 보여준다. 이러한 처벌의 차등은 고대 바빌론 시대에서부터 내려오는 특징이다. 고대 바빌론 시대에 절도와 동일하게 취급받았던 유사범죄들이 존재했다. 이와 동일하게 기원전 천년기의 바빌로니아 문서에서도 횡령, 장물구매, 장물수령, 사원재산 은닉 등의 범죄는 절도와 동일하게 인식되어 동일하게 처벌되었다는 사실을 확인할 수 있다. 우리는 이를 통해서 첫 번째로 기원전 천년기의 바빌로니아 지역의 절도의 개념은 현대적 절도와 유사점과 차이점이 존재하는 사실 확인할 수 있다. 두 번째로는 절도범에 내려진 절취물의 소유주에 관련된 차별적 처벌을 통해서 당시에 사회의 권력구조에 따라 처벌이 달라졌음을 확인할 수 있다. 세 번째로 절도유사범죄에 대한 연구를 통해서 당시에 절도의 개념이 고대 바빌론 시대부터 내려오는 전통에 기반하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다.
Abstract
This paper explores sources from Babylonia that were composed in the 1st millennium B. C. to examine the concept of theft, how punishment was administered according to different types of thefts, and the nature of the crimes that we reconsidered to represent theft during this period in history. Through examining these historical sources, this paper will describe how the concepts of theft that were prevalent during the Old Babylonian period persisted through to the 1st millennium B. C. During 1st millennium B.C. in Babylonia, theft was regarded as the removal of personal property of an individual without his or her consent. Taking property via violence or robbery was considered to be a different type of crime to theft. However, theft committed by a group of people was not specifically punished more severely than that perpetrated by an individual. If the stolen object belonged to a member of the general public, the punishment typically involved the guilty party being directed to pay compensation equal to twice the value of the object that was stolen. If the stolen object belonged to a high-ranking public official, the punishment involved the sanction of the king(hiţu ša LUGAL). It is highly likely that crimes of this nature were treated more severely because of their political nature. If the thief stole something from the temple, he was required to pay compensation equal to thirty times the value of the stolen object. If the item that was stolen belonged to the king, the thief was executed. If the stolen object was the sacred property of a god or goddesses, the thief was burnt at the stake. Those examples highlight how the king and the Gods occupied a position in the center of power during this period. Many offenses that are now closely related to theft but are not regarded the same as theft in contemporary societies were considered to be theft in Old Babylonia. For example, embezzlement, concealing the property of others, purchasing a stolen object or receiving a stolen object, were all perceived to represent theft and were punished by the same penalties as theft. These perceptions of theft can also be observed in Babylonia during the 1st millennium B. C. This research provides meaningful insights into the particularity of the concept of theft in Babylonia in the 1st millennium. All theft was not perceived to be equal and was not treated as such; the thief was punished according to the status of the owner of the stolen object and this administration of justice highlighted the power structures that were in place at this time. The concept of theft in the 1st millennium B. C. can be traced back to the Old Babylonian period, thus emphasizing how the concept of theft did not significantly change over the course of a millennium.
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